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. 2024 Dec 11;14(12):e70539. doi: 10.1002/ece3.70539

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© 2024 The Author(s). Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Phytoplankton biomass dynamic over time. (a) shows the difference in phytoplankton biomass between mesocosms undergoing the HW treatment and the control mesocosms (dashed line at zero). The red areas show the three heatwaves. (b) boxplot of resilience of phytoplankton biomass after each HW. Coloured dots represent the different mesocosms. Values of resilience > 0 mean increased resilience (HW and control mesocosms became more similar after a HW), whereas values of resilience < 0 mean decreased resilience (HW and control mesocosms became more dissimilar after a HW).