Table 1. Summary of available mouse models of endometriosis, demonstrating the presence of fibrotic markers.

The table includes details on the type of model, approach used for model development, and specific fibrotic markers and pathways explored. This analysis emphasizes the heterogeneity in fibrotic marker expression across different models and provides insights into their relevance for researching the fibrotic elements of endometriosis.

Experimental model	Induction method	Fibrotic genes involved	Mechanism	Inflammatory response	References
BALB/c	Surgical method	TGF-β, COL1A1 and COL3A1, α-SMA	Platelet activation contributing to EMT, FMT, and SMM	Activation of TGF-β1	93
Swiss nude mice	Transplantation of human endometrial tissues	α-SMA, COL1A1, fibronectin, CTGF	Cell proliferation and migration Enhanced collagen gel contraction Wnt/β-catenin signaling	Wnt/β-catenin interaction with TGF-β1	94
C57BL/6	Transplanting shed endometrial tissue from female donor mice into recipient mice	Fibronectin, COL1A1	Shed endometrial tissue as a key source of pro-inflammatory mediators thereby driving fibrosis	IL-6, TNFα, CCL2 and CCL5	76
BALB/c	Intraperitoneal injection of uterine fragments from donor mice	α-SMA, FSP-1/S100A4, Desmin, vimentin	EMT, FMT, SMM, MMT, EndoMT	SP and CGRP sensory nerve-derived inflammatory mediators	95
BABL/c nude mice	Transplanting endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity of mice	Fibronectin, ColA1, α-SMA, and CTGF	Paracrine signaling of eMSCs	Thrombospondin 4	96
Swiss nude mice	Implanting pieces of autologous endometrial tissue into the peritoneal cavity of the mice	A-SMA, Col-I, FN and CTGF	TGF-β signaling	TNF-α, IL-6	97
BALB/c	Intraperitoneal injection of human eutopic endometrial tissue	Collagen I, α-SMA, and CTGF	CTGF signaling	-	98
C57BL/6	Heterotransplantation with immortalized human endometrial cells	α-SMA, COL1A-I, FN and CTGF	mTOR signaling	-	99
C57BL/6	Donor endometrial tissue fragments transplanted into the recipient	α-SMA, COL1AI, TGF-β1	Platelet activation and fibrosis	CD41	100
Athymic nude mice	Subcutaneous injection of proliferative endometrial fragments	α-SMA, COL1A1, CTGF, FN	Wnt/β-catenin pathway	TGF-β1	101

Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibronectin (FN), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), COL1A1 and A3 (collagen types 1 and 3), epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation (FMT), smooth muscle metaplasia (SMM), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), monocyte chemoattractant protein chemokine ligands 2 and 5, fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1), S100 calcium-binding protein A4 (S100A4), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and IL-6 (interleukin-6), the mesothelial-mesenchymal transition (MMT), the endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), endosome-derived mesenchymal stem cells (eMSCs), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).