Table 4.

Summary of health benefits of M. haplocalyx extracts/compounds

Health benefits	Study design	Models	Results/mechanisms	Dosages	References
Neuroprotective	In vitro	H2O2-induced rat hippocampal neuronal cells	Significantly reduced hydrogen H2O2-induced neuronal cell death	400 μM	[14]
	In vitro	H2O2-induced rat hippocampal neuronal cells	The flotation product of menthol could alleviate H2O2-induced oxidative stress	200 μL	[73]
Anti-asthma	In vivo	Female BALB/c mice (OVA-induced mouse model of allergic asthma)	Significantly inhibited increases in immunoglobulin (Ig) E and T-helper 2 (Th2)-type cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue	100 mg/kg	[15]
	In vivo	OVA-induced mouse models	Significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators, eosinophil infiltration, and mast cell degranulation in the BALF ↓CC receptor 3 and CXC receptor 1, ↑Th1 cytokine levels	40 mg/kg	[76]
Anti-inflammatory	In vitro	LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells	↓NO, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, ↓IL-6	50–200 μg/mL 5–20 μM	[79]
Gut health improvement	In vitro	Fresh saliva of healthy volunteers	Reducing the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroidaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae, and inhibiting harmful bacteria such as Lachnospiraceae and Enterobacteriaceae	Not detected	[68]
Hypoglycemic	In vitro	α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase	The inhibition rates for α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities were (65.34 ± 2.48) % and (45.97 ± 1.13) %	5 mg/mL	[67]
	In vitro	α-Glucosidase	IC50: 21.0 μg/mL	Not detected	[4]
Anti-aging	In vivo	D-Gal-induced mouse model	↑SOD, ↑CAT, ↑GSH-Px, ↓MDA	50 mg/kg	[69]
	In vivo	Mouse and Caenorhabditis elegans models	↑TRPM8, ↑Nanog, ↓TRPV1, ↓P53, ↓NF-κB	Not detected	[16]
Anti-bacterial	In vitro	Fusarium oxysporum	Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum spore germination and mycelial growth MIC: 0.58 mg/mL	0.5 mg/mL	[51]
Antioxidant	In vivo	D-Gal-induced mouse model	↑SOD, ↑CAT, ↑GSH-Px, ↓MDA	10, 50, and 100 mg/kg	[69]
	In vitro	WMP	↑DPPH radical scavenging ability ↑Hydroxyl radical scavenging ability ↑Ferrous ion chelating activity	1–50 μg/mL 0.5–3.5 mg/mL 1 mg/mL	[69]
	In vitro	MHPs	↑Superoxide radical scavenging activity ↑DPPH radical scavenging activity ↑Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity	0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/mL	[67]
	In vivo	Genetically improved farmed tilapia	↑SOD, ↑CAT, ↑GPx, ↓GSH	0.2, 2.0, 20, and 200 µg/L	[91]

(↑): improve or promote

(↓): inhibit or reduce