Table 1.

Application of white rot fungi for the remediation of heavy metals from the contaminated sites.

S. No.	Name of fungi	Heavy metal	Remarks	References
1	Phlebia brevispora and Phlebia floridensis	Pb, Cd, and Ni	Nearly complete removal of Ni, and Cd in comparison to 12% to 98% removal of Pb.	Sharma et al. (2023)
2	Pleurotus ostreatus	Cu, As, Cd, and Pb	The content of metal accumulation increased with the rise in substrate and varied according to the strain used.	Atila and Kazankaya (2023)
3	Trametes pubescens	Zn	Zn removal increased with the elapse of time. The study revealed 67.1% removal in 120 hours with sorption capacity as 44.7 mg/g.	Farhadi et al. (2023)
4	Trametes pubescence	Ni and Pb	Nearly 100% removal of Pb and 9% removal of Ni at 1,000 mg/L concentration was observed. Both live and dead biomass accumulated metals.	Enayatizamir et al. (2020)
5	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	Cd2+ and Ni2+	The response surface method was employed for optimization in terms of pH, temperature, contact time, and initial metal content. The Cd and Ni accumulation were found as 96.23% and 89.48% at a concentration of 25 mg/L and 16 mg/L, respectively, under defined conditions.	Noormohamadi et al. (2019)
6	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	Pd	The removal efficiency was determined in the range of 22–128 Pd mg/g of fungal biomass and involved the generation of Pd nanoparticles by the process of biomineralization.	Tarver et al. (2019)
7	Pleurotus ostreatus HAAS	Pb, Cd, and Cr	The order of metal removal was noted as Pb > Cd > Cr. Also, the oxalic acid secreted by the white rot fungus reduced the content of heavy metal by chelation.	Yang et al. (2017)
8	Pleurotus ostreatus	Cr(III), Cd(II), and Cu(II)	Optimum adsorption occurred in the pH range 4–5 with flow rate 2.5 mL/min.	Kocaoba and Arısoy (2011)
9	Immobilized Pycnoporus sanguineus	Cd	The uptake enhanced with the rise in pH, temperature, and initial concentration. The sorption by selected fungus was endothermic and spontaneous process.	Mashitah et al. (2008)
10	Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Funalia trogii	Cu	The pH 5.0 was optimum for adsorption and did not depend on temperature between 20–45 °C. Live biomass proved to be superior in comparison to dried one. Under optimized condition, the biosorption by both live and dead biomass ranged from 40%–60%.	Sibel et al. (2005)
11	Trametes versicolor	Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+	Maximum sorption was recorded at the pH range 4 to 6. Temperature variation between 15–45 °C did not influence sorption.	Bayramoğlu et al. (2003)
12	Trametes versicolor	Cd	Nearly complete Cd removal was achieved within first two hours involving energy independent sorption process with the rate equivalent to nearly 2 mg Cd per g biomass.	Jarosz-Wilkołazka et al. (2002)
13	Pycnoporus sanguineus	Pb, Cu, and Cd	Biosorption was suggested as complex phenomenon. The biosorbent developed can be used for multiple removal experiment after regeneration.	Zulfadhly et al. (2001)
14	Trametes versicolor	Cd	Sorption capacities for live and dead immobilized fungal biomass was determined in the order of 102.3 ± 3.2 mg Cd(II)/g and 120.6 ± 3.8 mg Cd(II)/g with the attainment of sorption equilibrium in one hour.	Arıca et al. (2001)
15	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	Cu	The fungus removed 3.9 mmol of Cu per gram dry weight. The maximum adsorption by fungal mycelia was observed at pH range near 6.0. The fungus proved better sorbent in comparison to resin.	Sing and Yu (1998)