Table 2.

A list of enzymes released by the white rot fungi that help leach and remove heavy metals from contaminated sites.

S. No.	White rot fungi	Name of enzyme	Leaching/removal of heavy metal	References
1	Ganoderma multipileum	Laccase	More than 94% of 100 μg/mL hexavalent chromium was reduced to trivalent chromium.	Alshiekheid et al. (2023)
2	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	Lignin peroxidase, Mn peroxidase	Nearly 50% gold recovery was attained in the presence of white rot fungus.	Hein et al. (2023a)
3	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	Lignin peroxidase, Mn peroxidase	Approximately 45% gold was recovered after oxidation of ore.	Hein et al. (2023b)
4	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	Laccase, lignin peroxidase, Mn peroxidase	Copper leaching ascribed to fungal enzymes and organic acids was recorded as 54%.	Liu et al. (2022)
5	Pleurotus florida	Laccase	The biological activity of laccase was found to be responsible for biosorption and leaching of copper and iron from print circuit boards under submerged conditions.	Kaur et al. (2022)
6	Trametes pubescence	Laccase	Laccase released from white rot fungus assisted the biosorption of lead and nickel.	Khozani et al. (2021)
7	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	Lignin peroxidase, Mn peroxidase, laccase	Treatment with the white rot fungus for 14 days led to 60.96% removal of copper in comparison to the control. The leaching was also facilitated by release of different organic acids such as oxalic, citric, and gluconic acid.	Liu et al. (2020)
8	Trametes hirsuta	Laccase	Nearly absolute removal of hexavalent chromium was observed.	Liu et al. (2020)
9	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	Not specified	Arsenic, zinc, lead, chromium, cobalt, nickel etc. removal.	Park and Liang (2019)
10	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	Lignin peroxidase, Mn peroxidase, laccase	Fungal treatment was responsible for the leaching of 18% of iron from pyrite. The leaching was ascribed to the combined action of enzyme, hydrogen peroxide, and organic acids.	Yang et al. (2018)
11	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	CYP450	The inhibitor-induced reduction in the removal of cadmium suggested the role of enzyme CYP450 in heavy metal sequestration.	Zhang et al. (2015)
12	Phanerochaete chrysosporium	Lignin peroxidase, Mn peroxidase	The presence of white rot fungus improved the recovery of gold.	Ofori-Sarpong et al. (2010)