Figure 4.

Summary of the role of computational modelling in cardiac electrophysiology. Experimental and clinical data are combined with biophysical laws and concepts for the development and validation of multi-scale (channel, cardiomyocyte, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional tissue) computational models. These models provide perfect control over parameters and perfect observability. Applications of these models are indicated with dashed arrows and include dynamic clamp (direct application of ion-channel models in patch-clamp experiments), as well as mechanistic, regulatory and clinical applications.