Table 4.

Summary of ‘abnormal renal function’ as a risk factor for bleeding in AF patients receiving OACs

Study	Subjects (n)	Type of OACs	Definition	Main findings	OR/HR (95% CI)	P value
Pisters et al., 2010	5333	VKA	Presence of chronic dialysis, renal transplantation, or serum creatinine >200 mmol/L	The rate of major haemorrhage was 1.3% in patients without kidney failure vs. 5.4% in those with kidney failure.	OR 2.86 (1.33–6.18)	<0.001
Fang et al., 2011	9186	VKA	eGFR <30 mL/min	Prevalence of renal impairment in patients with or without major bleeding: 5.9% vs. 2.7%	HR 4.3 (3.2–5.8)	<0.001
Fox et al., 2011	14 264	VKA/rivaroxaban	eGFR >50 mL/min eGFR 30–49 mL/min	Major bleeding rate (per year) Rivaroxaban: 3.39% vs. 4.49% VKA: 3.17% vs. 4.70%	NR	NR
Hohnloser et al., 2012	18 122	VKA/apixaban	Divided into three groups (1) eGFR >80 mL/min (2) eGFR 50–80 mL/min (3) eGFR <50 mL/min	Major bleeding rate (per year) Apixaban: 1.46% vs. 2.45% vs. 3.21% VKA: 1.84% vs. 3.21% vs. 6.44%	NR	NR
O'Brien et al., 2015	7411	VKA/dabigatran	eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2	Prevalence of renal impairment in patients with or without major bleeding: 48.4% vs. 34.0%	HR 1.44 (1.21–1.72)	NR

AF, atrial fibrillation; HR, hazard ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NR, not reported; OACs, oral anticoagulants; OR, odds ratio; VKA, vitamin K antagonists.