Table 5.

Summary of ‘abnormal liver function’ as a risk factor for bleeding in AF patients receiving OACs

Study	Subjects (n)	Type of OACs	Study population	Main findings	HR (95% CI)	P value
Fang et al., 2011	9186	VKA	Diagnosed cirrhosis	Prevalence of liver cirrhosis in patients with or without major bleeding: 1.2% vs. 0.5%	HR 2.6 (1.1–6.1)	0.03
Efird et al., 2014	103 897	VKA	Patients were defined as having liver disease if there was record ≥1 of the ICD9 codes for chronic liver disease, recorded either in the inpatient or outpatient setting, during the study period.	Patients with liver disease had more haemorrhages when compared with patients without.	HR 2.02 (1.69–2.42)	<0.001
Hylek et al., 2014	18 122	Apixaban/VKA	Patients with AF randomized to apixaban/VKA. Liver dysfunction not defined in paper	Only 8 patients with liver dysfunction experienced a major haemorrhage, precluding any definitive conclusion regarding this subgroup	HR 0.44 (0.22–0.88)	0.020

AF, atrial fibrillation; HR, hazard ratio; ICD9, International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision; OACs, oral anticoagulants; VKA, vitamin K antagonists.