Figure 4.

Domestication impacts all neurocranial shape components, especially the orbit and supraoccipital crest. (A) 3D neurocranial phylomorphospace (PCs 1–3 = 59.6%; N = 84) from a PaCA, including goldfish, C. gibelio, and other cypriniforms (32 cyprinids + 7 danionids). Unscaled 3D meshes in lateral view were added to highlight the shape diversity expressed in the 3D phylomorphospace. The black dot corresponds to the nodes of the tree. (B) 3D neurocranial morphospace (PCs 1–3 = 63.8%; N = 49) from a PCA, focusing on goldfish and C. gibelio and including the morphological disparity analysis computed and compared using Procrustes variance. Neurocranial shape changes in lateral view between the most distant goldfish and C. gibelio on each PC of the morphospace are provided. The 3D meshes were superimposed and rendered transparent to highlight the vectors and the associated shape deformations. The five breeds projected on the PC1 correspond to the selected breeds for the brain volume comparisons. The color code follows that of Figure 1.