Table 1.

Summary effect of frequent or extended hemodialysis on cardiac morphology and function and BP parameters

Outcome Variables	No. of Studies	No. of Participants	Baseline Mean Value (95% CI)a	Mean Change (95% CI)a	P Value	Assessment of Heterogeneity
						I2 Indexb, %	Chi square P Value
Cardiac morphology and function
LVM, g	13	335	238.8 (197.9 to 279.7)	−60.5 (−90.8 to −30.2)	<0.001	95	<0.001
LVMI, g/m2	23	524	155.7 (109.4 to 135.2)	−31.2 (−39.8 to −22.5)	<0.001	84	<0.001
LV systolic diameter, mm	5	173	37.5 (33.9 to 41.0)	−4.3 (−6.8 to −1.7)	0.001	69	0.01
LV end diastolic diameter, mm	14	314	53.7 (50.7 to 56.7)	−4.7 (−6.0 to −3.5)	<0.001	55	0.007
LV posterior wall thickness, mm	12	213	11.0 (10.5 to 11.6)	−1.1 (−1.5 to −0.7)	<0.001	61	0.003
Intraventricular septum thickness, mm	11	196	12.3 (11.6 to 13.1)	−1.6 (−2.1 to −1.2)	<0.001	43	0.06
Left atrial end diastolic diameter, mm	3	62	40.7 (38.0 to 43.4)	−5.2 (−6.0 to −4.3)	<0.001	0	0.48
LVEF, %	4	137	45.1 (28.1 to 62.1)	6.7 (1.6 to 11.9)	0.011	74	0.009
BP parameters
SBP, mm Hg	35	928	147.7 (143.7 to 151.7)	−14.1 (−17.2 to −11.0)	<0.001	89	<0.001
DBP, mm Hg	31	733	84.1 (81.3 to 86.9)	−7.1 (−9.2 to −4.9)	<0.001	89	<0.001
MAP (mm Hg)	20	352	110.2 (106.2 to 114.1)	−11.8 (−13.8 to −9.8)	<0.001	75	<0.001
No. of antihypertensive medications	25	552	1.8 (1.6 to 2.1)	−0.8 (−1.2 to −0.5)	<0.001	97	<0.001

Reprinted from ref. 18, with permission. CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic BP; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVM, left ventricular mass; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SBP, systolic BP.

^aBy random effects model meta-analysis.

^bA measure of statistical heterogeneity across study results; I² index ≥50% indicates medium to high heterogeneity.¹⁹