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. 2024 Sep 12;18(1):wrae170. doi: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae170

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Microbial Ecology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Conceptual figure depicting the hypothetical functioning of the system during the ice-covered period. Left panel: Microbiological processes in the pingo water reservoir and ice cap just after the onset of the ice-cover formation, as hypothesized using the communities registered in the ice core. Right panel: Accumulated reduced sulfur species provide energy for SOB-mediated chemolithoautotrophy, which find a niche at the water–ice interface when ice has a slow growth at the end of the ice-covered period. SR, Sulfate reduction; AOM, anaerobic oxidation of methane; N-dAOM, nitrate-dependent AOM; S-dAOM, sulfate-dependent AOM.