Table 1.
Based on the information from the search results, this table shows different types of bladder cancer along with their details.
| Type of Bladder Cancer | Details | Reference | Diagnostic and PrognosticBiomarkers |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urothelial (Transitional Cell) Carcinoma | This is the most common type of bladder cancer, making up about 95% of cases. The cancer cells of this type look like the urothelial cells lining the inside of the bladder. It can also affect the kidneys and the ureters that connect the kidneys to the bladder. | (16) | FGFR3mutations (diagnostic), TP53 and RB1 alterations (prognostic) |
| Papillary Carcinoma | This subtype grows out from the inner surface of the bladder towards the hollow center in finger-like projections. It is often referred to as noninvasive papillary cancer, meaning it doesn’t grow into the deeper layers of the bladder wall. | (17) | FGFR3mutations (diagnostic), TERT promoter mutations (prognostic) |
| Flat Carcinomas | This type of Transitional Cell Carcinoma does not grow out of the urothelium towards the center of the bladder. Instead, flat carcinomas remain on the surface of the bladder wall. If a flat carcinoma is confined to the urothelium, it is called noninvasive flat carcinoma or flat carcinoma in situ. | (16) | TP53 alterations (diagnostic), MDM2amplification (prognostic) |
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma | This accounts for about 1% to 2% of bladder cancers diagnosed in the United States. Squamous cells look similar to the flat cells on the surface of the skin. Almost all squamous cell carcinomas of the bladder are invasive. | (18) | PIK3CAmutations (diagnostic), overexpression of EGFR (prognostic) |
| Adenocarcinoma | This type of bladder cancer closely resembles the gland-forming cells seen in colon cancers and accounts for about 1% of bladder cancers in the United States. | (19) | CTNNB1mutations (diagnostic), high expression of HER2 (prognostic) |
| Small-Cell Carcinoma | This is extremely rare, accounting for fewer than 1% of all bladder cancers diagnosed in the United States. This type of bladder cancer begins in neuroendocrine cells, which are similar to nerves. | (20) | ChromograninA, synaptophysin, and NCAM (CD56) (diagnostic); high Ki-67 index (prognostic) |
| Sarcoma | This is another very rare type of bladder cancer that begins in the muscle layer of the bladder wall. | (21) | Desmin, MYOD1, and muscle-specific actin (diagnostic),MIB-1 proliferation index (prognostic) |
Note that the exact details of each type can vary depending on the specific case and the individual patient’s overall health status.