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. 2024 Nov 29;15:1452774. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1452774

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Copyright © 2024 Wang, Liu, Huang, Suo, Wang, Liu, Zhang, Chen and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The IVD is affected by many factors (age, mechanical load, obesity, gut microorganisms, nutritional disorders, transmission, nutritional disorders, etc.) and undergoes a series of pathological changes (cell loss, inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation, NP fibrosis, vascular, neural proliferation, CEP calcification, AF disruption, oxidative stress, etc.) leading to IDD. Abbreviations: IVD, intervertebral disk; IDD, intervertebral disk degeneration; NP, nucleus pulposus; CEP, cartilage endplate; AF, annulus fibrosus.