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. 2024 Dec 12;15:10340. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53901-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Top: Schematic depicting multineuron patch-clamp recording of convergent synaptic motif. ‘Control’ and ‘Depol→Hyperpol’ conditions followed by trains of action potentials (AP) were induced in an alternating fashion in presynaptic neurons. Bottom: First two rows show exemplary voltage traces of presynaptic neurons. Third row depicts superimposed trials of postsynaptic traces. Fourth row shows summary histogram (n = 6 experiments; 50 ms bins). b Presynaptic AP and averaged excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) of an exemplary synapse before and after ‘Pre drive post’ paradigm, which consisted of synchronous initiation of the ‘Depol→Hyperpol’ protocol in presynaptic neurons of a convergent motif to trigger postsynaptic APs, as shown in superimposed traces (sustained current was injected into postsynaptic neuron during induction; induction was typically repeated 25 times). c ‘Pre fail to drive post’ paradigm, where postsynaptic neurons were held at a more negative membrane potential, so that synapses didn’t trigger postsynaptic APs. d Mean EPSP amplitudes plotted over time for the two paradigms (normalized to pre-induction period; mean ± s.e.m). e EPSP amplitudes for time window 80–160 s after end of induction (normalized to pre-induction period; n = 9 synapses for ‘Pre drive post’, n = 8 synapses for ‘Pre fail to drive post’; two-sided Mann-Whitney U test; mean ± s.e.m). f Averaged EPSPs of two exemplary synapses before induction, as well as 5–10 and 15–20 minutes after start of induction. Paradigms consisted of 500-ms current injections to elicit associated pre- and postsynaptic trains of APs (‘Associative’) or isolated presynaptic trains of APs (‘Non-associative’). The induction was repeated 9 times over a period of 5 minutes (arrows in panel g). g Mean EPSP amplitudes plotted over time for the two paradigms (normalized to pre-induction period; mean ± s.e.m). h EPSP amplitudes for time window 15–20 minutes (normalized to pre-induction period; n = 27 synapses for ‘Associative’, n = 14 synapses for ‘Non-associative’; two-sided Mann-Whitney U test; mean ± s.e.m). i Concept of coupled vs. uncoupled sleep oscillations and their short- and long-term effect on synaptic strength. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.