Table 1.

Participant Characteristics (n = 150) based on maternal country of childhood residence.

Participant Characteristics	Childhood in US (n = 36)a									Childhood in Latin America
	Spanish				English					Total
	(n = 9)				(n = 27)					(n = 114)
Sociodemographic	n	%	M	SD		n	%	M	SD	n	%	M	SD
Maternal age			22.89	6.60				21.78	4.22			29.40	5.74
Age of migration (foreign-born)			1.89	1.83				5.0	2.45			20.29	5.21
Foreign-born	7	78.78				8	29.63			112	98.25
English	0	0				27	100			5	4.39
Income
≤ $15,000	3	33.33				11	40.74			45	39.47
$15,000 -- $29,999	5	55.55				12	44.44			59	51.75
$30,000 - $39,999	1	11.11				4	14.81			9	7.89
≥ $40,000	0	0				0	0			1	.88
Married/Partner	7	77.78				20	74.07			84	73.68
Maternal education
0 - 8th grade	1	11.11				1	3.70			52	45.61
Some high school	3	33.33				11	40.74			29	25.44
Graduated high school	3	33.33				8	29.63			20	17.54
Some college	2	22.89				3	11.11			7	6.14
4-year college degree	0	0				4	14.81			6	5.26
Work outside home	5	55.56				13	48.15			31	27.19
Health insurance
None	4	44.44				4	14.82			93	81.58
Medicare/Medicaid	4	44.44				23	85.19			20	17.54
Private	1	2.78				0	0			1	.88
Country of heritage
Mexico	7	77.78				19	70.37			58	50.88
Central America	0	0				3	11.11			47	41.22
Caribbean	2	22.22				3	11.11			6	5.26
South America	0	0				2	7.41			3	2.63
Physiological
Nulliparous	3	33.33				14	51.85			19	16.67
Gestational Age (weeks)			28.79	1.80				28.70	.91			28.70	1.60
Cytokines: log transformed values
Cytokine Profile			4.69	.53				5.10	.81			4.81	.76
Interleukin-beta			1.40	.25				1.40	.31			1.37	.26
TNF-alpha			1.26	.12				1.38	.17			1.30	.21
Interleukin-8			.48	.18				.65	.20			.56	.20
Interferon-gamma			1.56	.11				1.65	.25			1.59	.21
Cytokines: raw values (pg/ml)
Interleukin-beta			28.55	15.67				31.84	25.00			28.16	20.40
TNF-alpha			18.70	6.06				25.70	10.24			22.34	11.41
Interleukin-8			3.29	1.56				4.97	2.30			4.02	1.85
Interferon-gamma			37.25	9.63				50.93	26.63			43.64	20.23
Pre-pregnancy weight (lbs)			155.9	34.3				149.0	31.9			147.7	28.7
Psychosocial
Traumatic Avoidance Symptoms			5.89	3.48				7.0	3.51			5.54	2.79
Everyday Discrimination			1.11	2.67				6.15	6.85			2.33	3.95

Note.

^aParticipants who spent their childhood in the US (0–9 years old) based on nativity, age at migration, and years living in the US; Childhood in US participants are subdivided based on survey language selection (English vs Spanish).