TABLE 1.
| Participant characteristics | No. (%) | Mean (SD) |
|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic factors | ||
| Age (yr; range: 52–104) | 69.24 (9.63) | |
| Female (%) | 8,041 (58.39) | |
| Race/ethnicity (%) | ||
| White | 10,642 (77.28) | |
| Black | 1,761 (12.79) | |
| Hispanic | 1,088 (7.90) | |
| Other | 279 (2.03) | |
| Married (%) | 8,589 (62.37) | |
| Annual household income (%) | ||
| <$50,000 | 8,362 (60.72) | |
| $50,000–$74,999 | 2,127 (15.45) | |
| $75,000–$99,999 | 1,176 (8.54) | |
| ≥$100,000 | 2,106 (15.29) | |
| Total wealth (%) | ||
| 1st quintile | 2,770 (20.11) | |
| 2nd quintile | 2,744 (19.93) | |
| 3rd quintile | 2,749 (19.96) | |
| 4th quintile | 2,757 (20.02) | |
| 5th quintile | 2,751 (19.98) | |
| Education (%) | ||
| <high school | 2,715 (19.76) | |
| High school | 7,513 (54.67) | |
| ≥college | 3,515 (25.58) | |
| Health insurance (%) | 13,183 (95.79) | |
| Geographic region (%) | ||
| Northeast | 2,091 (15.21) | |
| Midwest | 3,594 (26.14) | |
| South | 5,497 (39.98) | |
| West | 2,566 (18.66) | |
| Personality factors | ||
| Openness (range: 1–4) | 2.93 (0.44) | |
| Conscientiousness (range: 1–4) | 3.35 (0.48) | |
| Extraversion (range: 1–4) | 3.20 (0.55) | |
| Agreeableness (range: 1–4) | 3.53 (0.47) | |
| Neuroticism (range: 1–4) | 2.04 (0.61) | |
| Childhood abuse (%) | 849 (6.28) | |
| Health behaviors | ||
| Frequent physical activity (%) | 9,869 (71.74) | |
| Smoking (%) | 1,725 (12.61) | |
| Heavy drinking (%) | 791 (6.98) | |
| Sleep problems (%) | 3,055 (42.08) | |
| Physical health | ||
| Number of physical conditions (range: 0–8) | 2.63 (1.46) | |
| Diabetes (%) | 2,728 (19.81) | |
| Hypertension (%) | 7,847 (56.98) | |
| Stroke (%) | 1,107 (8.04) | |
| Cancer (%) | 2,077 (15.08) | |
| Heart disease (%) | 3,354 (24.36) | |
| Lung disease (%) | 1,298 (9.43) | |
| Arthritis (%) | 8,291 (60.21) | |
| Overweight/obese (%) | 9,491 (69.75) | |
| Physical functioning limitations (%) | 3,329 (24.17) | |
| Cognitive impairment (%) | 2,705 (19.96) | |
| Chronic pain (%) | 4,754 (34.53) | |
| Self‐rated health (range: 1–5) | 3.15 (1.09) | |
| Hearing (range: 1–5) | 3.32 (1.10) | |
| Eyesight (range: 1–6) | 4.18 (1.00) | |
| Psychological well‐being | ||
| Positive affect (range: 1–5) | 3.58 (0.74) | |
| Life satisfaction (range: 1–7) | 5.03 (1.47) | |
| Optimism (range: 1–6) | 4.46 (0.96) | |
| Purpose in life (range: 1–6) | 4.58 (0.93) | |
| Mastery (range: 1–6) | 4.75 (1.11) | |
| Health mastery (range: 0–10) | 7.23 (2.39) | |
| Financial mastery (range: 0–10) | 7.34 (2.65) | |
| Psychological distress | ||
| Depression (%) | 1,881 (13.88) | |
| Depressive symptoms (range: 0–8) | 1.40 (1.93) | |
| Hopelessness (range: 1–6) | 2.40 (1.29) | |
| Negative affect (range: 1–5) | 1.68 (0.64) | |
| Perceived constraints (range: 1–6) | 2.23 (1.20) | |
| Anxiety (range: 1–4) | 1.57 (0.59) | |
| Trait anger (range: 1–4) | 2.17 (0.68) | |
| State anger (range: 1–4) | 1.50 (0.51) | |
| Cynical hostility (range: 1–6) | 2.96 (1.14) | |
| Stressful life events (range: 0–5) | 0.23 (0.55) | |
| Financial strain (range: 1–5) | 1.96 (1.00) | |
| Daily discrimination (range: 1–6) | 1.62 (0.74) | |
| Major discrimination (range: 0–6) | 0.46 (0.88) | |
| Social factors | ||
| Loneliness (range: 1–3) | 1.48 (0.54) | |
| Living with spouse/partner (%) | 8,796 (65.74) | |
| Contact children (%) | ||
| <every few months | 1,845 (13.76) | |
| 1‐2x/month | 1,510 (11.26) | |
| 1‐2x/week | 4,134 (30.83) | |
| ≥3x/week | 5,919 (44.15) | |
| Contact other family (%) | ||
| <every few months | 3,274 (24.37) | |
| 1‐2x/month | 3,124 (23.25) | |
| 1‐2x/week | 3,679 (27.38) | |
| ≥3x/week | 3,358 (24.99) | |
| Contact friends (%) | ||
| <every few months | 2,268 (16.79) | |
| 1‐2x/month | 2,482 (18.37) | |
| 1‐2x/week | 4,810 (35.60) | |
| ≥3x/week | 3,951 (29.24) | |
| Closeness with spouse (range: 1–4) | 3.47 (0.73) | |
| Number of close children | 2.81 (3.73) | |
| Number of close other family | 3.87 (5.56) | |
| Number of close friends | 4.54 (6.03) | |
| Positive social support from spouse (range: 1–4) | 3.46 (0.66) | |
| Positive social support from children (range: 1–4) | 3.27 (0.72) | |
| Positive social support from other family (range: 1–4) | 2.89 (0.87) | |
| Positive social support from friends (range: 1–4) | 3.05 (0.75) | |
| Social strain from spouse (range: 1–4) | 1.98 (0.68) | |
| Social strain from children (range: 1–4) | 1.70 (0.64) | |
| Social strain from other family (range: 1–4) | 1.57 (0.62) | |
| Social strain from friends (range: 1–4) | 1.84 (0.43) | |
| Volunteering (%) | ||
| 0 h/year | 8,928 (64.91) | |
| 1–49 h/year | 1,530 (11.12) | |
| 50–99 h/year | 1,085 (7.89) | |
| 100–199 h/year | 1,191 (8.66) | |
| ≥200 h/year | 1,021 (7.42) | |
| Helping friends/neighbors/relatives (%) | ||
| 0 h/year | 6,626 (48.26) | |
| 1–49 h/year | 3,218 (23.43) | |
| 50–99 h/year | 1,836 (13.37) | |
| 100–199 h/year | 1,190 (8.67) | |
| ≥200 h/year | 859 (6.26) | |
| Religious service attendance (%) | ||
| Not at all | 3,455 (25.11) | |
| <1x/week | 4,300 (31.25) | |
| ≥1x/week | 6,007 (43.65) | |
| Social status ladder (range: 1–10) | 6.5 (1.8) | |
| Change in social status ladder (%) | ||
| Moved down | 1,268 (9.58) | |
| No change | 10,295 (77.79) | |
| Moved up | 1,671 (12.63) | |
| In labor force (%) | 4,782 (34.73) | |
a
This table was created based on non‐imputed data.
b
All variables in Table 1 were used as covariates, and assessed in the pre‐baseline wave (t0;2006/2008).
c
The percentages in some sections may not add up to 100% due to rounding.