TABLE A2.
Characteristics of participants at pre‐baseline: retained versus dropped out.
| Retained (N = 9960) | Dropped out (N = 3811) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant characteristics | No. (%) | Mean (SD) | No. (%) | Mean (SD) |
| Sense of control | 4.84 (0.93) | 4.55 (1.03) | ||
| Sociodemographic factors | ||||
| Age | 67.76 (8.89) | 733.11 (10.41) | ||
| Female (%) | 5982 (60.06) | 2059 (54.03) | ||
| Race/ethnicity (%) | ||||
| White | 7668 (77.00) | 2.974 (78.04) | ||
| Black | 1268 (12.73) | 493 (12.94) | ||
| Hispanic | 806 (8.09) | 282 (7.40) | ||
| Other | 217 (2.18) | 62 (1.63) | ||
| Married (%) | 6433 (64.59) | 2156 (56.57) | ||
| Annual household income (%) | ||||
| <$50,000 | 5692 (57.15) | 2670 (70.06) | ||
| $50,000–$74,999 | 1647 (16.54) | 480 (12.60) | ||
| $75,000–$99,999 | 953 (9.57) | 223 (5.85) | ||
| >$100,000 | 1668 (16.75) | 438 (11.49) | ||
| Total wealth (%) | ||||
| 1st quintile | 1848 (18.55) | 922 (24.19) | ||
| 2nd quintile | 1934 (19.42) | 810 (21.25) | ||
| 3rd quintile | 1982 (19.90) | 767 (20.13) | ||
| 4th quintile | 1848 (20.70) | 695 (18.24) | ||
| 5th quintile | 2134 (21.43) | 617 (16.19) | ||
| Education (%) | ||||
| <High school | 1726 (17.37) | 989 (25.99) | ||
| High school | 5484 (55.18) | 2029 (53.32) | ||
| >College | 2728 (27.45) | 787 (20.68) | ||
| Health insurance (%) | 9504 (95.47) | 3679 (96.61) | ||
| Geographic region (%) | ||||
| Northeast | 1443 (14.51) | 648 (17.04) | ||
| Midwest | 2687 (27.02) | 907 (23.86) | ||
| South | 3952 (39.73) | 1545 (40.64) | ||
| West | 1864 (18.74) | 702 (18.46) | ||
| Personality factors | ||||
| Openness (range: 1–4) | 2.96 (0.55) | 2.85 (0.60) | ||
| Conscientiousness (range: 1–4) | 3.38 (0.46) | 3.27 (0.52) | ||
| Extraversion (range: 1–4) | 3.22 (0.54) | 3.13 (0.56) | ||
| Agreeableness (range: 1–4) | 3.54 (0.46) | 3.49 (0.50) | ||
| Neuroticism (range: 1–4) | 2.04 (0.61) | 2.06 (0.63) | ||
| Childhood abuse (%) | 643 (6.54) | 206 (5.57) | ||
| Health behaviors | ||||
| Frequent physical activity (%) | 7547 (75.85) | 2322 (60.99) | ||
| Smoking (%) | 1171 (11.84) | 554 (14.65) | ||
| Heavy drinking (%) | 593 (7.32) | 198 (6.13) | ||
| Sleep problems (%) | 2234 (41.14) | 821 (44.86) | ||
| Physical health | ||||
| Number of physical conditions (range: 0–8) | 2.50 (1.40) | 2.96 (1.57) | ||
| Diabetes (%) | 1800 (18.07) | 928 (24.35) | ||
| Hypertension (%) | 5482 (55.04) | 2365 (62.06) | ||
| Stroke (%) | 612 (6.14) | 495 (12.99) | ||
| Cancer (%) | 1325 (13.30) | 752 (19.73) | ||
| Heart disease (%) | 2045 (20.53) | 1309 (34.35) | ||
| Lung disease (%) | 734 (7.37) | 564 (14.80) | ||
| Arthritis (%) | 5824 (58.47) | 2467 (64.73) | ||
| Overweight/obese (%) | 7108 (72.24) | 2383 (63.24) | ||
| Physical functioning limitations (%) | 7961 (20.07) | 1330 (34.90) | ||
| Cognitive impairment (%) | 1564 (15.87) | 1141 (30.90) | ||
| Chronic pain (%) | 3332 (33.46) | 1422 (37.33) | ||
| Self‐rated health (range: 1–5) | 3.27 (1.06) | 2.83 (1.12) | ||
| Hearing (range: 1–5) | 3.37 (1.07) | 3.17 (1.14) | ||
| Eyesight (range: 1–6) | 4.24 (0.96) | 4.03 (1.05) | ||
| Psychological well‐being | ||||
| Positive affect (range: 1–5) | 3.61 (0.73) | 3.48 (0.77) | ||
| Life satisfaction (range: 1–7) | 5.09 (1.44) | 4.87 (1.52) | ||
| Optimism (range: 1–6) | 4.51 (0.96) | 4.32 (0.94) | ||
| Purpose in life (range: 1–6) | 4.65 (0.91) | 4.38 (0.97) | ||
| Mastery (range: 1–6) | 4.82 (1.08) | 4.58 (1.18) | ||
| Health mastery (range: 0–10) | 7.39 (2.27) | 6.80 (2.65) | ||
| Financial mastery (range: 0–10) | 7.37 (2.57) | 7.25 (2.86) | ||
| Psychological distress | ||||
| Depression (%) | 1232 (12.50) | 649 (17.58) | ||
| Depressive symptoms (range: 0–8) | 1.30 (1.89) | 1.67 (2.02) | ||
| Hopelessness (range: 1–6) | 2.30 (1.26) | 2.65 (1.35) | ||
| Negative affect (range: 1–5) | 1.65 (0.62) | 1.77 (0.69) | ||
| Perceived constraints (range: 1–6) | 2.14 (1.16) | 2.47 (1.28) | ||
| Anxiety (range: 1–4) | 1.54 (0.57) | 1.66 (0.63) | ||
| Trait anger (range: 1–4) | 2.17 (0.67) | 2.15 (0.69) | ||
| State anger (range: 1–4) | 1.49 (0.50) | 1.51 (0.54) | ||
| Cynical hostility (range: 1–6) | 2.93 (1.13) | 3.02 (1.15) | ||
| Stressful life events (range: 0–5) | 0.24 (0.57) | 0.19 (0.50) | ||
| Financial strain (range: 1–5) | 1.97 (1.00) | 1.94 (1.00) | ||
| Daily discrimination (range: 1–6) | 1.63 (0.74) | 1.60 (0.76) | ||
| Major discrimination (range: 0–6) | 0.49 (0.89) | 0.40 (0.85) | ||
| Social factors | ||||
| Loneliness (range: 1–3) | 1.47 (0.54) | 1.52 (0.55) | ||
| Living with spouse/partner (%) | 6603 (68.03) | 2193 (59.71) | ||
| Contact children (%) | ||||
| <Every few months | 1260 (12.96) | 585 (15.88) | ||
| 1–2×/month | 1094 (11.25) | 416 (11.29) | ||
| 1–2×/week | 3093 (31.81) | 1041 (28.25) | ||
| >3×/week | 4276 (43.98) | 1643 (44.59) | ||
| Contact other family (%) | ||||
| <Every few months | 2295 (23.53) | 979 (26.59) | ||
| 1–2×/month | 2332 (23.91) | 792 (21.51) | ||
| 1–2×/week | 2721 (27.90) | 958 (26.02) | ||
| >3×/week | 2405 (24.66) | 953 (25.88) | ||
| Contact friends (%) | ||||
| <Every few months | 1509 (15.38) | 759 (20.51) | ||
| 1–2×/month | 1816 (18.51) | 666 (18.00) | ||
| 1–2×/week | 3573 (35.42) | 1237 (33.42) | ||
| >3×/week | 2912 (29.68) | 1039 (28.07) | ||
| Closeness with spouse (range: 1–4) | 3.47 (0.73) | 3.49 (0.76) | ||
| Number of close children | 2.78 (3.64) | 2.90 (3.96) | ||
| Number of close other family | 3.85 (5.64) | 3.94 (5.35) | ||
| Number of close friends | 4.57 (6.00) | 4.46 (6.12) | ||
| Positive social support from spouse (range: 1–4) | 3.47 (0.64) | 3.43 (0.69) | ||
| Positive social support from children (range: 1–4) | 3.27 (0.72) | 3.28 (0.73) | ||
| Positive social support from other family (range: 1–4) | 2.88 (0.87) | 2.91 (0.88) | ||
| Positive social support from friends (range: 1–4) | 3.06 (0.74) | 3.02 (0.76) | ||
| Social strain from spouse (range: 1–4) | 1.98 (0.67) | 1.97 (0.71) | ||
| Social strain from children (range: 1–4) | 1.71 (0.63) | 1.66 (0.65) | ||
| Social strain from other family (range: 1–4) | 1.57 (0.62) | 1.56 (0.62) | ||
| Social strain from friends (range: 1–4) | 1.85 (0.42) | 1.83 (0.43) | ||
| Volunteering (%) | ||||
| 0 h/year | 6075 (61.07) | 2853 (74.93) | ||
| 1–49 h/year | 1231 (12.37) | 299 (7.85) | ||
| 50–99 h/year | 868 (8.73) | 217 (5.70) | ||
| 100–199 h/year | 946 (9.51) | 245 (6.44) | ||
| >200 h/year | 828 (8.32) | 193 (5.07) | ||
| Helping friends/neighbors/relatives (%) | ||||
| 0 h/year | 4354 (43.85) | 2272 (59.79) | ||
| 1–49 h/year | 2495 (25.13) | 723 (19.03) | ||
| 50–99 h/year | 1468 (14.78) | 368 (9.68) | ||
| 100–199 h/year | 928 (9.36) | 261 (6.87) | ||
| >200 h/year | 683 (6.88) | 176 (4.63) | ||
| Religious service attendance (%) | ||||
| Not at all | 2285 (22.95) | 1170 (30.74) | ||
| <1×/week | 3159 (31.73) | 1141 (29.98) | ||
| >1×/week | 4512 (45.32) | 1495 (39.28) | ||
| Social status ladder (range: 1–10) | 6.56 (1.72) | 6.39 (1.83) | ||
| Change in social status ladder (%) | ||||
| Moved down | 930 (9.65) | 338 (9.58) | ||
| No change | 7419 (76.7) | 2876 (77.79) | ||
| Moved up | 1290 (13.38) | 381 (12.63) | ||
| In labor force (%) | 3941 (39.57) | 841 (22.07) | ||
Notes: This table was created based on non‐imputed data. All variables in Table 1 were used as covariates and assessed in the pre‐baseline wave (t 0; 2006/2008). The percentages in some sections may not add up to 100% due to rounding.