Table 1. List of Systems and Improvements Due to Electric Fields Reported in the Papers Reviewed in Section 3, by Application and by Strategy^a.

Strategy	Application	System	Reported improvement
Monomer design (Section 3.1)	Photocatalyst for H2 production	PCPs65	μ ∼ 1.5 D, photocatalytic activity ×10
		CMPs29,73	μ + 3.8 D, Yield ×1.5
		TPPS/PDI74	Efficiency ×10
	Active layers in solar cells	PTB775	Voc + 0.1 V, Efficiency ×3.6
		PTBF1,76 DTFFBT77	Voc + 0.1 V, Efficiency +2%
		P1, P278,79	Highest efficiency to date (16%)
	Electrode interlayers	p-PFP/PFN30	Efficiency +1.3%
		PBTA-FN80	Elec. field +0.1 V
		PDIN-N-FN59	Efficiency +2.7%
Linker design (Section 3.2)	Photocatalyst for H2 production	MNBN1, PNBN81	μ + 7.3 D, surface potential ×8
		PDI linkers33,62	μ + 4.8 D, photocurrent ×30
		H-bond PDI linkers64	Photocatalytic activity ×8
	Active layers in solar cells	DPP, DPP-DTP82−84	Exciton binding energy –0.4 eV
		Y6 derivatives85,86	Highest efficiency to date (17.2%)
Supramolecular architecture tuning (Section 3.3)	Lithium batteries	NT-U/NDI39	Elec. field ×7.3, discharge capacity ×3
		CP-PDAB,87 polyimide88	High specific capacity (>140 mAh g–1)
		PPTS89	5000 charge–discharge cycles
	Photocatalysis	PcOp-Fe38	Surface potential +180 mV
		Porphyrin complexes74,90	Electric field ×10
		PDI/BiOCl91	Efficiency ×2

^aThe stronger electric fields were linked to enhanced charge separation, improved conductivity, reduced recombination rates and lowered exciton binding energy (see also Figure 1), which, in turn, improved overall device performance.