Figure 1.

The core mechanism underlying four distinct forms of immunogenic non-apoptotic RCD. Within the context of various extracellular stresses and intracellular signaling pathways, cancer cells have the potential to undergo a specific type of cell death that is regulated by a specific set of genes and signaling molecules. These four types of RCD, namely necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis, represent typical immunological processes within the microenvironment(tme). These processes play a crucial role in balancing the TME by promoting the enrichment of either anti-tumor effector immune cells or regulatory immune cells, ultimately leading to either tumor regression or progression.