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. 2024 Dec 10;20(1):2437918. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2437918

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

The core mechanisms of ICD involve the induction of transcriptional/translational stress or ER stress in dying cells by ICD inducers. These dying cells are then endowed with antigenicity or adjuvanticity through various approaches. Several immunostimulatory DAMPs and cytokines released during ICD have been identified as biomarkers of this process.