Table 3.
Phases, cellular types, molecules, and biomarkers involved in wound healing.
| Time | Phases | Cellular Types | Cell Adhesion Molecules | ECM Components | Biomarkers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–15 min | Hemostasis | Endothelial cells, platelets | Fibrin, fibronectin | Epinephrine, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, thrombin | |
| 15 min–6 days | Inflammation | Endothelial cells, mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, T lymphocytes | Temporary matrix formed by fibrin, complement proteins, PDGF, IL-8, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha | Sympathetic nervous system, histamine, kinins, leukotrienes, thrombin | |
| 24–48 h–7 days | Proliferation | Endothelial cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, | Alphabeta-3, Beta-1-integrins, integrins | Collagen, fibronectin, GAGs, proteoglycans, Tenascin, Vitronectin (temporary ECM) | Angiopoietin, MMPs/TIMP, FGF-2, FGF-7, FGF-10, GM-CSF, NO, TGF-beta, NGF, HGF, HB-EGF, IL-6, Leptin, PDGF, VEGF |
| From 2 days to several weeks | Maturation | Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts | Integrins | Collagen | EGF, IGF, FGF-2, NGF, PDGF, TGF-beta |