Figure 4.

Effects of H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress on HGFs cultured on 0.2 kPa and TCP. (A) Schematic of the experimental design highlighting the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in periodontal disease, implants, and infections. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were seeded for 24 h on 0.2 kPa and TCP, starved for 12 h, and treated with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). (B) Cell viability after treatment with 300 µM and 400 µM H₂O₂ on both substrates, measured with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), showing minimal differences. (C) Flow cytometry displaying the distribution of live, apoptotic, and necrotic cells after H₂O₂ treatment. (D) Quantification of cell death distribution; live cells and early apoptosis were higher on 0.2 kPa, while late apoptosis and necrosis were more pronounced on TCP. Representative data sets from three independent experiments are shown in the manuscript.