Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for the non-LC and LC groups, including demographic data as well as information from the comorbidity, laboratory, smoking, and symptoms datasets. Categorical or binary data are expressed as fractions and compared using chi-squared tests, while continuous variables are shown as medians with interquartile ranges and p-values calculated using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.
| Demography | Non-LC | LC | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total, no. (%) | 27,660 (100) | 11,284 (100) | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 67 (56–75) | 70 (63–77) | <0.001 |
| Females, no. (%) | 12,515 (45.3) | 5461 (48.4) | <0.001 |
| LC stage, no. (%) | |||
| I | 2.001 (17.7) | ||
| II | 914 (8.1) | ||
| III | 2242 (19.9) | ||
| IV | 5440 (48.2) | ||
| Unknown | 687 (6.1) | ||
| Comorbidity dataset | Non-LC | LC | p-value |
| Total, no. (%) | 27,660 (100) | 11,284 (100) | |
| Myocardial infarction | 454 (1.6) | 225 (2.0) | 0.02 |
| Congestive cardiac failure | 198 (0.7) | 69 (0.61) | 0.26 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 828 (3.0) | 555 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 915 (3.3) | 525 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 200 (0.7) | 77 (0.7) | 0.67 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 3379 (12.2) | 1429 (12.7) | 0.22 |
| Rheumatological disease | 533 (1.9) | 228 (2.0) | 0.54 |
| Liver disease | 198 (0.7) | 65 (0.6) | 0.13 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1245 (4.5) | 566 (5.0) | 0.03 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 30 (0.1) | 18 (0.2) | 0.19 |
| Renal disease | 522 (1.9) | 179 (1.6) | 0.05 |
| Metastatic solid tumor | 772 (2.8) | 6.5 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| AIDS/HIV infection | 19 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 0.94 |
| Pulmonary tuberculosis | 48 (0.2) | 8 (0.1) | 0.02 |
| Sarcoidosis | 79 (0.3) | 18 (0.2) | 0.02 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 194 (0.7) | 74 (0.7) | 0.62 |
| Abscess | 157 (0.6) | 43 (0.4) | 0.02 |
| Pleural disease | 725 (2.6) | 297 (2.6) | 0.95 |
| Pneumonia | 2944 (10.6) | 1132 (10.0) | 0.07 |
| SumCCI, sum (median) | 0 (50) | 0 (50) | <0.001 |
| Other malignancies | 3859 (14.0) | 1321 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| Antibiotics | 12,130 (43.9) | 4954 (43.9) | 0.93 |
| COPD inhalations | 7028 (25.4) | 3490 (30.9) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensives | 9560 (34.6) | 4660 (41.3) | <0.001 |
| Glucocorticoids | 2770 (10.0) | 1534 (13.6) | <0.001 |
| Metformin | 1694 (6.1) | 837 (7.4) | <0.001 |
| Antidepressants | 3960 (14.3) | 1838 (16.3) | <0.001 |
| Consultations at GP | 3093 (11.2) | 932 (8.3) | <0.001 |
| CRP rapid tests at GP | 13,053 (47.2) | 5275 (46.8) | |
| Laboratory data | Non-LC | LC | p-value |
| Total, no. (%) | 10,503 (100) | 4454 (100) | |
| B-Hemoglobin, mmol/L | 8.7 (8.0–9.3) | 8.40 (7.7–9.0) | <0.001 |
| B-Leucocytes, 109/L | 7.64 (6.20–9.46) | 9.12 (7.43–11.20) | <0.001 |
| B-Neutrophils, 109/L | 4.70 (3.58–6.20) | 6.10 (4.71–7.95) | <0.001 |
| B-Lymphocytes, 109/L | 1.81 (1.39–2.33) | 1.74 (1.30–2.27) | <0.001 |
| NLR | 2.6 (1.8–3.8) | 3.4 (2.4–5.2) | <0.001 |
| B-Monocytes, 109/L | 0.65 (0.51–0.84) | 0.76 (0.59–0.97) | <0.001 |
| B-Basophils, 109/L | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | <0.001 |
| B-Eosinophils, 109/L | 0.17 (0.10–0.27) | 0.14 (0.07–0.25) | <0.001 |
| B-Platelets, 109/L | 272 (223–334) | 311 (250–391) | <0.001 |
| P-Albumin, g/L | 43 (41–45) | 42 (39–44) | <0.001 |
| Total Calcium, mmol/L | 2.34 (2.27–2.41) | 2.36 (2.29–2.43) | <0.001 |
| P-CRP, mg/L | 3.7 (1.4–10.0) | 9.9 (3.0–32.0) | <0.001 |
| P-ALAT, U/L | 22 (16–31) | 18 (13–26) | <0.001 |
| P-LDH, U/L | 192 (169–221) | 214 (182–257) | <0.001 |
| P-Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 75 (62–92) | 83 (68–102) | <0.001 |
| P-Bilirubin-total, μmol/L | 7 (6–10) | 7 (5–9) | <0.001 |
| P-Amylase (pancreatic), U/L | 25 (19–34) | 25 (18–34) | 0.79 |
| P-INR | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | <0.001 |
| P-Creatinine, mmol/L | 76 (64–89) | 72 (60–87) | <0.001 |
| P-Sodium, mmol/L | 140 (138–142) | 139 (136–141) | <0.001 |
| P-Potassium, mmol/L | 4.0 (3.8–4.3) | 4.0 (3.8–4.3) | 0.08 |
| Smoking status | Non-LC | LC | p -value |
| Total | 7435 (100) | 2505 (100) | |
| Never smoker | 2288 (30.8) | 196 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Former or current smoker | 5147 (69.2) | 2309 (92.2) | |
| Symptoms, familial predispositions and exposures, no. (%) | Non-LC | LC | p -value |
| Total | 3733 (100) | 1854 (100) | |
| Predispositions | 253 (6.8) | 167 (9.0) | 0.00 |
| Exposures | 785 (21.0) | 354 (19.1) | 0.09 |
| Hemoptysis | 694 (18.6) | 212 (11.4) | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia | 671 (18.0) | 303 (16.3) | 0.13 |
| Cough | 2012 (53.9) | 969 (52.3) | 0.25 |
| Dyspnoea | 1365 (36.6) | 663 (35.8) | 0.56 |
| Fever | 286 (7.2) | 81 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| Weight loss | 822 (22.0) | 584 (31.5) | <0.001 |
| Fatigue | 684 (18.3) | 428 (23.1) | <0.001 |
| Hot flash | 402 (10.8) | 177 (9.6) | 0.16 |
| Hoarseness | 174 (4.7) | 92 (5.0) | 0.62 |
| Back pain | 133 (3.6) | 129 (7.0) | <0.001 |
| Other pain | 340 (9.1) | 250 (13.5) | <0.001 |
| Angina | 428 (11.5) | 256 (13.8) | 0.01 |
| Headache | 144 (3.1) | 65 (3.5) | 0.37 |
| Dizziness | 161 (4.3) | 96 (5.2) | 0.15 |
| Edema | 196 (5.3) | 108 (5.8) | 0.37 |