Table 1.
Clinical and demographic features of the patients with prediabetes and diabetes.
| Characteristics | preDM Group (n = 100) |
T2DM Group (n = 100) |
p-Value from Pearson’s Chi-Squared/ Student’s t-Test |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age (yrs) (mean ± SD) | 50.08 ± 7.46 | 54.11 ± 6.33 | 0.003 * |
| Gender, Female/Male (n) | 56/44 | 43/57 | 0.066 |
| Area of residence, Rural/Urban (n) | 61/39 | 65/35 | 0.560 |
| Medical history and clinical condition | |||
| Smoking history, No/Yes (n) | 57/43 | 38/62 | 0.007 * |
| Drinking history, No/Yes (n) | 72 | 44/56 | <0.0001 * |
| Education, No/Yes (n) | 63/37 | 75/25 | 0.034 * |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 47 (47%) | 78 (78%) | <0.0001 * |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 43 (48%) | 68 (68%) | 0.0004 * |
| Hepatosteatosis, n (%) | 34 (34%) | 55 (55%) | 0.003 * |
| SBP (mmHg) (mean ± SD) | 132.20 ± 16.70 | 137.40 ± 15.67 | 0.018 * |
| DBP (mmHg) (mean ± SD) | 77.81 ± 12.11 | 83.86 ± 10.65 | 0.0006 * |
| Height (cm) (mean ± SD) | 1.64 ± 0.15 | 1.69 ± 0.11 | 0.009 * |
| Weight (kg) [median (range)] |
83.00 (56.00–140.50) |
89.00 (17.00–122.00) |
0.059 ** |
| WC (cm) [median (range)] |
100.00 (58.00–171.00) |
105.00 (80.00–143.00) |
0.209 |
| HC (cm) [median (range)] |
106.00 (65.00–195.00) |
106.50 (76.00–146.00) |
0.263 |
| WHR [median (range)] |
0.94 (0.59–1.68) |
0.98 (0.86–1.18) |
0.018 * |
| WHtR [median (range)] |
61.02 (33.92–95.00) |
61.70 (44.20–87.50) |
0.715 |
| BMI (kg/m2) (mean ± SD) | 28.18 ± 6.09 | 32.01 ± 5.24 | 0.055 ** |
| BMI category (n) | |||
| Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 28 | 15 | 0.031 * |
| Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 29 | 25 | 0.256 |
| Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 43 | 60 | 0.010 * |
| BAI [median (range)] |
30.95 (10.08–67.70) |
29.93 (16.29–62.27) |
0.197 |
| Laboratory examination | |||
| FPG (mmol/L) (mean ± SD) | 108.50 ± 6.12 | 210.20 ± 27.83 | <0.0001 * |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) (mean ± SD) | 167.20 ± 14.14 | 332.30 ± 40.23 | <0.0001 * |
| HbA1c (%) (mean ± SD) | 5.82 ± 0.52 | 10.17 ± 1.98 | <0.0001 * |
| TC (mmol/L) (mean ± SD) | 183.30 ± 47.33 | 220.20 ± 54.43 | <0.0001 * |
| TG (mmol/L) (mean ± SD) | 125.50 ± 65.81 | 188.00 ± 108.60 | <0.0001 * |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) (mean ± SD) | 103.70 ± 42.13 | 136.50 ± 48.70 | <0.0001 * |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) (mean ± SD) | 53.64 ± 12.78 | 43.28 ± 13.38 | <0.0001 * |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||
| CKD-EPI [median (range)] |
87.50 (38.00–117.00) |
90.50 (29.00–129.00) |
0.993 |
| MDRD-STUDY [median (range)] |
83.50 (38.00–147.00) |
89.50 (29.00–147.00) |
0 |
| BUN (mg/dL) (mean ± SD) | 41.62 ± 17.07 | 40.79 ± 14.81 | 0.718 |
| Crea (mg/dL) (mean ± SD) | 0.87 ± 0.37 | 0.91 ± 0.24 | 0.454 |
| UA (mg/dL) (mean ± SD) | 5.61 ± 1.46 | 4.98 ± 1.61 | 0.006 * |
| Hb (g/dL) (mean ± SD) | 13.50 ± 1.86 | 14.55 ± 1.73 | 0.0002 * |
| WBC (×103/μL) (mean ± SD) | 7.92 ± 1.93 | 8.68 ± 2.83 | 0.026 * |
| NEU (×103/μL) (mean ± SD) | 4.87 ± 1.47 | 5.29 ± 3.02 | 0.211 |
| LYM (×103/μL) (mean ± SD) | 2.27 ± 0.71 | 2.67 ± 0.89 | 0.0001 * |
| MON (×103/μL) (mean ± SD) | 0.53 ± 0.16 | 0.55 ± 0.18 | 0.298 |
| PLT (×103/μL) (mean ± SD) | 248.30 ± 75.02 | 233.10 ± 71.48 | 0.177 |
| Malnutrition | |||
| ALB (g/dL) (mean ± SD) | 6.19 ± 0.37 | 3.89 ± 0.78 | <0.0001 * |
| CRP (mg/dL) (mean ± SD) | 27.46 ± 19.65 | 47.91 ± 36.27 | <0.0001 * |
| ESR (mm/1st h) (mean ± SD) | 35.01 ± 25.42 | 38.43 ± 16.99 | 0.146 |
| PNI | 61.87 ± 3.67 | 38.87 ± 7.80 | <0.0001 * |
| GPS, n | |||
| 0 | 21 | - | - |
| 1 | 79 | 61 | - |
| 2 | - | 39 | - |
SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; WC: waist circumference; HC: hip circumference; WHR: waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR: waist-to-height ratio; BMI: body mass index; BAI: body adiposity index; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG: two-hour plasma glucose after a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; TC: total cholesterol; TG: total triglycerides; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; e-GFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD-EPI: chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration; MDRD-Study: modification of diet in renal disease study; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CREA: creatinine; UA: uric acid; Hb: hemoglobin; WBC: white blood cells/leukocytes; NEU: neutrophils; LYM: lymphocytes; MON: monocytes; PLT: platelets; ALB: albumin; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; PNI, prognostic nutritional index; GPS: Glasgow Prognostic Score; SD: standard deviation; * p < 0.05: statistically significant; **: reached the significance limit.