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. 2024 Nov 23;13(23):1944. doi: 10.3390/cells13231944

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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PER is expressed in glia. (A,B) Optical slices (confocal) showing α-PROS (magenta) and α-PER (green) in brain lobes (BLs) of third-instar larvae. (A,B) show two independent BLs at slightly different magnification. The white arrowhead shows a type I neuroblast (NB I; note the asymmetric α-PROS cytoplasmic staining) while the white asterisks indicate ganglion mother cells (GMCs; α-PROS nuclear staining). α-PER does not overlap with α-PROS but labels surrounding areas (blue asterisks). Size bars = 10 μm. ZT = 23. (C,D) Optical slices (confocal) showing α-REPO (magenta) and α-PER (green) in the BLs of third-instar per⁰ (C) and per⁺ (D) larvae. α-REPO stains the nucleus of glial cells. In per⁺, α-PER labels the nucleus of clock neurons (red asterisk) and shows additional weak, diffuse staining (blue asterisk). Size bars = 10 μm. ZT = 23. (E) A confocal optical section showing the expression of the PER reporter SG in the BL of a third-instar larva. SG is combined, by crossing, to repo-GAL4 > GFP to identify glia through GFP immune reactivity. In the focal plane shown, α-GFP staining (magenta) reveals cortex glia, a type of glia that envelops NBs and their progeny providing niche function. α-LacZ (green) shows overlapping staining (blue asterisk). Size bar = 10 μm. ZT = 2. [Note: magenta and green are pseudo-colours; α-GFP and α-LACZ were imaged in the green—Alexa488—and red—Texas Red—channel, respectively].

PER is expressed in glia. (A,B) Optical slices (confocal) showing α-PROS (magenta) and α-PER (green) in brain lobes (BLs) of third-instar larvae. (A,B) show two independent BLs at slightly different magnification. The white arrowhead shows a type I neuroblast (NB I; note the asymmetric α-PROS cytoplasmic staining) while the white asterisks indicate ganglion mother cells (GMCs; α-PROS nuclear staining). α-PER does not overlap with α-PROS but labels surrounding areas (blue asterisks). Size bars = 10 μm. ZT = 23. (C,D) Optical slices (confocal) showing α-REPO (magenta) and α-PER (green) in the BLs of third-instar per⁰ (C) and per⁺ (D) larvae. α-REPO stains the nucleus of glial cells. In per⁺, α-PER labels the nucleus of clock neurons (red asterisk) and shows additional weak, diffuse staining (blue asterisk). Size bars = 10 μm. ZT = 23. (E) A confocal optical section showing the expression of the PER reporter SG in the BL of a third-instar larva. SG is combined, by crossing, to repo-GAL4 > GFP to identify glia through GFP immune reactivity. In the focal plane shown, α-GFP staining (magenta) reveals cortex glia, a type of glia that envelops NBs and their progeny providing niche function. α-LacZ (green) shows overlapping staining (blue asterisk). Size bar = 10 μm. ZT = 2. [Note: magenta and green are pseudo-colours; α-GFP and α-LACZ were imaged in the green—Alexa488—and red—Texas Red—channel, respectively].