Table 3.
Variations of carbonyl content in adult formulas during 1 month of storage at different temperatures.
| Analyte | 4 °C | Room Temperature | 60 °C | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 30 | 1 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 30 | 1 | 7 | 14 | 21 | 30 | ||
| HP2 | MDA | 1.22 ± 0.41 | 1.19 ± 0.99 | 1.54 ± 0.83 | 1.49 ± 0.95 | 1.41 ± 0.40 | 0.86 ± 0.09 | 0.85 ± 0.06 | 1.17 ± 0.10 | 1.99 ± 0.04 | 2.01 ± 0.04 | 0.97 ± 0.08 | 1.01 ± 0.04 | 1.91 ± 0.06 | 1.91 ± 0.16 | 2.23 ± 0.16 |
| FCHO | 0.95 ± 0.45 | 1.14 ± 0.63 | 1.43 ± 0.33 | 1.64 ± 0.13 | 1.93 ± 0.22 | 0.94 ± 0.04 | 1.24 ± 0.05 | 1.51 ± 0.03 | 1.93 ± 0.09 | 2.03 ± 0.04 | 0.95 ± 0.04 | 1.24 ± 0.04 | 1.74 ± 0.09 | 2.13 ± 0.05 | 2.73 ± 0.05 | |
| ACE | 1.92 ± 0.27 | 2.06 ± 0.03 | 2.08 ± 0.25 | 2.53 ± 0.60 | 2.37 ± 0.65 | 2.03 ± 0.23 | 2.07 ± 0.20 | 2.19 ± 0.59 | 2.62 ± 0.40 | 2.83 ± 0.03 | 1.96 ± 0.07 | 2.00 ± 0.09 | 2.46 ± 0.04 | 2.47 ± 0.16 | 2.94 ± 0.23 | |
| ACRL | 0.24 ± 0.53 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.44 ± 0.01 | 0.26 ± 0.06 | 0.22 ± 0.06 | 0.39 ± 0.06 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.45 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.08 | 0.34 ± 0.04 | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.42 ± 0.06 | 0.56 ± 0.08 | |
| MGO | ND | 0.31 ± 0.08 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.57 ± 0.02 | 0.64 ± 0.03 | ND | 0.32 ± 0.04 | 1.22 ± 0.03 | 1.75 ± 0.06 | 1.98 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 1.49 ± 0.01 | 1.60 ± 0.03 | 2.08 ± 0.09 | 2.78 ± 0.06 | |
| DA | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| HP3 | MDA | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.28 ± 0.04 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.37 ± 0.03 | ND | ND | 0.30 ± 0.04 | 0.30 ± 0.06 | 0.40 ± 0.02 |
| FCHO | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.50 ± 0.08 | 0.77 ± 0.01 | 0.76 ± 0.02 | 0.80 ± 0.04 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.84 ± 0.07 | 0.88 ± 0.09 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 0.96 ± 0.05 | 0.97 ± 0.07 | |
| ACE | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 1.44 ± 0.25 | 1.32 ± 0.27 | 1.36 ± 0.15 | 1.38 ± 0.17 | 1.13 ± 0.06 | 1.51 ± 0.12 | 1.81 ± 0.10 | 1.95 ± 0.33 | 2.39 ± 0.25 | 1.03 ± 0.31 | 1.65 ± 0.37 | 1.91 ± 0.28 | 2.15 ± 0.25 | 2.57 ± 0.17 | |
| ACRL | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| MGO | ND | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.67 ± 0.17 | 0.71 ± 0.15 | 0.98 ± 0.10 | 0.65 ± 0.03 | 1.05 ± 0.25 | 1.19 ± 0.13 | 1.23 ± 0.44 | 1.52 ± 0.27 | 0.82 ± 0.04 | 1.01 ± 0.04 | 1.43 ± 0.05 | 2.34 ± 0.09 | 2.54 ± 0.07 | |
| DA | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| SAF3 | MDA | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.28 ± 0.06 | ND | ND | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 0.48 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.03 | ND | ND | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.88 ± 0.09 |
| FCHO | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.71 ± 0.02 | ND | ND | 1.26 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 1.79 ± 0.09 | ND | 0.93 ± 0.09 | 1.41 ± 0.05 | 1.55 ± 0.05 | 1.79 ± 0.02 | |
| ACE | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.37 ± 0.08 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.57 ± 0.08 | ND | ND | ND | 0.55 ± 0.05 | 0.62 ± 0.01 | |
| ACRL | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| MGO | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| DA | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| SAF4 | MDA | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.32 ± 0.02 |
| FCHO | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.62 ± 0.02 | |
| ACE | ND | ND | 1.12 ± 0.01 | 1.26 ± 0.07 | 1.38 ± 0.06 | ND | ND | 1.81 ± 0.23 | 1.85 ± 0.27 | 1.94 ± 0.44 | ND | ND | 1.91 ± 0.09 | 2.15 ± 0.27 | 2.27 ± 0.57 | |
| ACRL | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| MGO | ND | ND | ND | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.71 ± 0.08 | ND | ND | ND | 0.88 ± 0.02 | 1.23 ± 0.05 | ND | ND | 1.43 ± 0.25 | 1.54 ± 0.43 | 1.94 ± 0.13 | |
| DA | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
HP, high-protein adult formula; SAF, standard adult formula; MDA, malondialdehyde; FCHO, formaldehyde; ACE, acetaldehyde; ACRL, acrolein; MGO, methylglyoxal; DA, diacetyl; ND, non-determined as it was below the limit of quantification.