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. 2024 Nov 24;25(23):12606. doi: 10.3390/ijms252312606

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons and mitochondria of mice in each group. (B) ATP content in mouse hippocampus. (C) ROS levels in mouse brain tissue. (D) Expression of SIRT1 and PGC-1α in mouse hippocampus (immunohistochemical staining). (E) Western blot analysis of SIRT1 and PGC-1α in the hippocampus of mice in each group. (F) Protein expression normalized to β-actin for quantitative analysis, and its value expressed as an average. (G) SIRT1 and PGC-1α mRNA levels detected by RT-qPCR. Data are normalized to β-actin. Values are expressed as average ± SD. ** p < 0.01 was significantly different from the control group, ^## p < 0.01 was substantially different from model group, and ^△ p < 0.05 and ^△△ p < 0.01 were substantially different from TGGR group.