Table 2. Trends in Inadequate and Excessive Weight Gain Among Live Full Term (≥37 Weeks) Singleton Births, Unadjusted and Adjusted for Sociodemographic and Lifestyle and Clinical Factors, South Carolina, 2015–2021.
| Characteristic | Inadequate, relative risk (95% CI)a
|
Excessive, relative risk (95% CI)a
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 1b | Model 2c | |
| Time before change point (per year)d | 1.02 (1.01–1.02)e | 1.02 (1.01–1.03)e | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) |
| Time after change point (per year)d | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) |
| Trend by sociodemographic characteristic | ||||
| Race or ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.71 (1.67–1.75)e | 1.45 (1.42–1.49)e | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.85 (0.83–0.87)e |
| Hispanic | 1.41 (1.36–1.46)e | 1.17 (1.13–1.22)e | 0.70 (0.67–0.72)e | 0.67 (0.65–0.69)e |
| Otherf | 1.44 (1.37–1.51)e | 1.42 (1.36–1.49)e | 0.73 (0.70–0.76)e | 0.76 (0.73–0.79)e |
| Age at delivery (per year) | —g | 1.00 (0.995–0.996)e | —g | 1.00 (0.994–0.998)e |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school education | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| High school diploma or GED | —g | 0.85 (0.82–0.88)e | —g | 1.08 (1.05–1.12)e |
| Some college | —g | 0.73 (0.70–0.76)e | —g | 1.13 (1.10–1.17)e |
| College or associate degree or more | —g | 0.62 (0.60–0.64)e | —g | 1.08 (1.04–1.12)e |
| Rural residence (vs urban) | —g | 1.07 (1.05–1.10)e | —g | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| Medicaid eligibility at delivery (yes vs no) | —g | 1.11 (1.08–1.14)e | —g | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| WIC receipt during pregnancy (yes vs no) | —g | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | —g | 1.05 (1.02–1.07)e |
| Trends by lifestyle and clinical factors | ||||
| Smoking during or prepregnancy (yes vs no) | —g | 1.07 (1.03–1.10)e | —g | 1.26 (1.22–1.30)e |
| Firstborn (yes vs no) | —g | 0.91 (0.88–0.93)e | —g | 1.31 (1.28–1.33)e |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | —g | 1.02 (0.97–1.07) | —g | 0.55 (0.52–0.58)e |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | —g | 1 [Reference] | —g | 1 [Reference] |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | —g | 0.79 (0.77–0.81)e | —g | 2.26 (2.21–2.32)e |
| Obese (≥30.0) | —g | 1.28 (1.25–1.32)e | —g | 2.11 (2.06–2.15)e |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; GED, General Education Development; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
Relative risks represent the risk of inadequate and excessive weight gain for a 1-year increase in calendar time.
Model 1: relative risks for time before and after change point (first quarter of 2020) for the main effect for race and ethnicity. The change point is a predetermined point at the first quarter of 2020 (ie, March 2020) defining the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Model 2: relative risks for time before and after change point (first quarter of 2020) adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle and clinical factors. The change point is a predetermined point at the first quarter of 2020 (ie, March 2020) defining the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Interaction P value for time before change point and race or ethnicity was.30. Interaction P value for time after change point and race or ethnicity was .47 in Model 1. The change point is a predetermined point at the first quarter of 2020 (ie, March 2020) defining the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Significant at P <. 05.
Includes women who self-identified as Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, or those whose race/ethnicity was missing or unknown.
Indicates no relative risks were estimated for sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle and clinical factors.