Table 3. Trends in Prepregnancy Obesity Among Live, Full Term (≥37 Weeks) Singleton Births, Unadjusted and Adjusted for Sociodemographic and Lifestyle and Clinical Factors, South Carolina, 2015–2021.
| Characteristic | Prepregnancy obesity, relative risk (95% CI)a
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Model 1b | Model 2c | |
| Time before change point (per year)d | ||
| Race or ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.04 (1.04–1.05)e | 1.04 (1.04–1.05)e |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.03 (1.02–1.03)e | 1.03 (1.02–1.03)e |
| Hispanic | 1.04 (1.03–1.06)e | 1.06 (1.04–1.07)e |
| Otherf | 1.04 (1.02–1.07)e | 1.05 (1.03–1.07)e |
| Time after change point (per year)a | ||
| Race or ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) |
| Hispanic | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) |
| Otherf | 1.12 (1.05–1.19)e | 1.13 (1.06–1.20)e |
| Trend by sociodemographic characteristic | ||
| Age at delivery (per year) | — g | 1.02 (1.02–1.03)e |
| Education | ||
| Less than high school education | — g | 1 [Reference] |
| High school diploma or GED | — g | 1.05 (1.03–1.07)e |
| Some college | — g | 1.09 (1.07–1.11)e |
| College or associates degree or more | — g | 0.84 (0.82–0.85)e |
| Rural residence (vs urban) | — g | 1.11 (1.10–1.13)e |
| Medicaid eligibility at delivery (yes vs no) | — g | 1.11 (1.09–1.12)e |
| WIC receipt during pregnancy (yes vs no) | — g | 1.21 (1.19–1.22)e |
| Trends by lifestyle and clinical characteristic | ||
| Smoking during or prepregnancy (yes vs no) | — g | 0.94 (0.92–0.96)e |
| Firstborn (yes vs no) | — g | 0.89 (0.88–0.90)e |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; GED, General Educational Development; WIC, Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
Relative risks represent the risk of prepregnancy obesity for a 1-year increase in calendar time.
Model 1: relative risks for the interaction of time before and after the change point (first quarter of 2020) and the main effect for race and ethnicity. The change point is a predetermined point at the first quarter of 2020 (ie, March 2020) defining the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Model 2: relative risks for the interaction of time before and after the change point (first quarter of 2020) adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle and clinical factors. The change point is a predetermined point at the first quarter of 2020 (ie, March 2020) defining the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Interaction P value for time before the change point and race or ethnicity was <.001. Interaction P value for time after change point and race and ethnicity was. 03 in Model 1. The change point is a predetermined point at the first quarter of 2020 (ie, March 2020) defining the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Significant at P <.05.
Includes women who self-identified as Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, or those whose race/ethnicity was missing.
Indicates no relative risks were estimated for sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle and clinical factors.