Table 3.

Urinary cytokine levels at baseline and various time points in patients with UTI persistence or recurrence within 3 months after initial antibiotic treatment.

	Time	Recurrent or Persistent UTI (n = 19)	No Recurrent or Persistent UTI (n = 21)	p-Value #
NGAL	Baseline	514 ± 567	183 ± 183	0.024
	1 week	524 ± 778	36.4 ± 35.2 *	0.017
	1 month	531 ± 878	27.8 ± 32.0 *	0.022
	3 month	354 ± 607	19.7 ± 18.1 *	0.044
NGF	Baseline	0.15 ± 0.05	0.13 ± 0.03	0.211
	1 week	0.16 ± 0.08	0.13 ± 0.04	0.186
	1 month	0.13 ± 0.08	0.10 ± 0.03 *	0.162
	3 month	0.12 ± 0.05	0.11 ± 0.05	0.344
CXCL-1	Baseline	141 ± 262	21.2 ± 36.1	0.064
	1 week	227 ± 489	1.76 ± 2.05 *	0.067
	1 month	109 ± 232	0.90 ± 0.83 *	0.057
	3 month	72.6 ± 125	1.32 ± 1.73 *	0.037
IL-8	Baseline	473 ± 1541	80.3 ± 122	0.252
	1 week	581 ± 1924	15.4 ± 16.7 *	0.235
	1 month	471 ± 1639	3.69 ± 3.53 *	0.199
	3 month	42.8 ± 57.3	10.6 ± 17.4 *	0.044
CXCL-10	Baseline	171 ± 409	436 ± 1269	0.391
	1 week	284 ± 1137	3.25 ± 3.58	0.317
	1 month	117 ± 446	2.08 ± 1.61	0.245
	3 month	130 ± 462	2.24 ± 4.14	0.211
MCP-1	Baseline	291 ± 480	135 ± 154	0.164
	1 week	386 ± 918	132 ± 123	0.266
	1 month	272 ± 447	56.4 ± 113	0.054
	3 month	314 ± 468	83.5 ± 99.1	0.071
TNF-α	Baseline	6.5 ± 13.1	5.29 ± 8.64	0.728
	1 week	11.1 ± 26.6	1.82 ± 0.91	0.162
	1 month	9.06 ± 22.6	1.58 ± 0.42	0.136
	3 month	3.35 ± 5.31	1.18 ± 0.48 *	0.125

* p < 0.05 compared with the baseline in the same patient group; # p-values between recurrent UTI and no recurrent UTI subgroups. Patients with recurrent or persistent UTI included 12 who had UTI recurrence or persistence within 1 month, and 7 within 1 to 3 months. Abbreviations: same as in the footnotes of Table 2.