Figure 1.

Effect of HCA pretreatment on H₂O₂-induced H9c2 cell death and BAG3 expression in H9c2 cells. HCA pretreatment (A) but not co-treatment (B) significantly inhibited H₂O₂-induced H9c2 cell death at a dose of 0.001–0.1 mg/mL. HCA pretreatment induced a dose-dependent upregulation of BAG3 expression in H9c2 cells (C–E). All data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3). * indicates significance vs. CON group (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01). # indicates significance vs. H₂O₂ group (# p < 0.05; ## p < 0.01).