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. 2024 Dec 2;25(23):12962. doi: 10.3390/ijms252312962

Figure 9.

Figure 9

Effect of HCA on antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. ROS scavenging activity of HCA in (A,B) was determined using a CL analyzer. HCA dose-dependently and significantly inhibited ROS activity (B). Cardiac I/R significantly increased cardiac ROS (C), 8-isoprostane (D), and MDA (E) vs. sham group, whereas these oxidative stress markers significantly decreased in HCA+I/R vs. I/R group. Original Western blot shows that cardiac I/R decreased cardiac Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in I/R heart (F), whereas HCA preconditioning partially restored Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in HCA+I/R heart. The statistical data for Nrf2/GAPDH and HO-1/GAPDH are presented in (G,H), respectively. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3–8). * indicates significant differences vs. sham group (*** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001). # indicates significant differences vs. I/R group (# p < 0.05; ## p < 0.01; ### p < 0.001; #### p < 0.0001).