Graphical Abstract.
Ventricular arrhythmias in athletes. VAs can be found in athletes with structurally normal hearts, those with underlying structural/electrical heart disease or athlete’s heart. Various factors can help differentiate benign athletic remodelling from structural disease. Under the umbrella term of athlete’s heart are potentially exercise-induced phenotypes including arrhythmogenic epicardial scar, patchy non-ischaemic scar (e.g. non-ischaemic LV scar), and extreme remodelling (e.g. exercise-induced arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy). ECG, electrocardiogram; VAs, ventricular arrhythmias; SCD, sudden cardiac death; CM, cardiomyopathy; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; VO2Peak, absolute peak VO2; RVOT, right ventricular outflow tract; LBBB, left bundle branch block; Rx, treated; LV, left ventricle; RBBB, right bundle branch block; Aug, augmentation; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; RV, right ventricle. Image created with BioRender.com.