Table 1.

Examples of studies where the cytotoxicity of BP has been investigated.

Type of BP Used	Concentration	Cell Type Tested Against	Key Observation	Reference
BP nanosheets	25–200 µg/mL	4T1, HeLa, L929, A549	Minimal cytotoxicity	[67]
BP nanoparticles with dextran (DEX) and branched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), and folic acid (FA)	3.125–100 µg/mL	4T1, 3T3	Minimal cytotoxicity	[68]
BP nanosheets with polydopamine (PDA), and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires on titanium (Ti) substrates	20 mg/mL	MC3T3-E1, L929	Minimal cytotoxicity	[58]
BP nanosheets with ε-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL)	0.8–50 µg/mL	293T, HaCaTs	Minimal cytotoxicity	[69]
BP nanosheets	12.5–200 µg/mL	HeLa, HepG-2, MCF-7, L02	Minimal cytotoxicity	[53]
BP quantum dots in hydrogel (NH)	50–500 µg/mL	HUVECs, HaCaTs	Minimal cytotoxicity	[65]
BP nanosheets with silk fibroin (SF)	50–500 µg/mL	HSF	Minimal cytotoxicity	[70]
BP sheets	3.125–400 µg/mL	A549	Intermediate cytotoxicity	[62]
BP nanodots	0.05–3.0 mg/mL	HeLa, COS-7, CHO-K1	Minimal cytotoxicity	[25]
BP nanoflakes	312.5–5000 µg/mL	HaCaTs, HFF	Minimal–Intermediate cytotoxicity	[12]
Layered BP	6.25–200 µg/mL	NIH 3T3, HCoEpiC, 293T	Minimal–High cytotoxicity	[63]
BP nanosheets	0.3–125 µg/mL	NIH3T3, nHDF, HT1080	Minimal–High cytotoxicity	[60]