Figure 3.

Triangulation of neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration in MS pathogenesis with key mechanisms that self-sustain these processes but also influence each other mutually. The close loops highlight underlying mechanisms that intrinsically sustain each process, i.e., neuroinflammation, demyelination, or neurodegeneration indicated in the rectangular boxes. The bubbles list pathophysiological mechanisms by which each process (with corresponding color) impacts at least one of the two other processes, while the bubble in the middle summarizes shared mechanisms occurring in all the cell types involved. BBB = blood–brain barrier, MS = multiple sclerosis, MΦ = macrophages, OPC = oligodendrocyte progenitor cell, OL = oligodendrocyte.