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XPS spectra of the LiNbO3 layers grown at different temperatures. Li 1s and Nb 4s core levels of (a) LN-180, (b) LN-250, and (c) LN-320. Nb 3d core levels of (d) LN-180, (e) LN-250, and (f) LN-320. O 1s core levels of (g) LN-180, (h) LN-250, and (i) LN-320.
