Table 1.

Applications of nanocarrier-mediated RNA pesticides for pest management.

Nanoparticle	Insect	Target Gene	Delivery Method	Reference
Chitosan	Chilo suppressalis	CHSA, CHSB, G3PDH	Oral feeding	[100]
	Spodoptera frugiperda	IAP	Oral feeding	[106]
	Apolygus lucorum	GRK2	Oral feeding	[82]
	Bemisia tabaci	ECR	Oral feeding	[107]
	Tetranychus cinnabarinus	TcCHIT10, Tcβ-COP, TcCHC	Oral feeding	[108]
	Aedes aegypti	SNF7	Oral feeding	[109]
		Sema1a	Oral feeding	[110]
		DOPAL synthase	Oral feeding	[111]
		Vestigial gene	Oral feeding	[112]
	Anopheles gambiae	Chitin synthase 1	Oral feeding	[81]
		Chitin synthase 2	Oral feeding	[110]
		Cadherin1, Cadherin2	Oral feeding	[113]
PEG–Chitosan	Nilaparvata lugens	NlCHSA	Topical application	[114]
Chitosan–sodium tripolyphosphate	Aedes aegypti	IAP	Oral feeding	[98]
	Helicoverpa armigera	JHAMT, ACHE	Oral feeding	[40]
		Lipase, chitinase	Oral feeding	[115]
Liposom	Drosophila melanogaster	V-ATPaseE	Soaking and oral feeding	[38]
	Drosophila suzukii	Vha26	Oral feeding	[116]
	Euschistus heros	V-ATPaseA0, Muscle actin	Oral feeding	[117]
	Chilo suppressalis	CHSA, CHSB, G3PDH	Oral feeding	[100]
	Spodoptera frugiperda	IAP	Oral feeding	[118]
Perylenediimide-cored cationic dendrimers	Ostrinia furnacalis	Serpin-3	Oral feeding	[22]
		Chitinase-like, CHT10	Microinjection and oralfeeding	[101]
	Aphis glycines	Hemocytin	Topical application	[23]
Star polycation	Agrotis ypsilon	V-ATPase	Microinjection and oralfeeding	[24]
	Spodoptera frugiperda	V-ATPaseD, chitin synthase1	Soaking, topical application, and oral feeding	[102]
		ECR	Spraying	[119]
	Aphis glycines	Treh, V-ATPaseD, V-ATPaseE, chitin synthase1	Topical application and spraying	[103]
	Myzus persicae	vestigial, ultrabithorax	Topical application	[120]
	Aphis gossypii	AgCHS2, AgHK2	Spraying	[121]
	Blattella germanica	BgCHS1, BgCHS2	Oral feeding	[122]
Block copolymer	Locust migratoria	LmCHS1, LmCHS2	Oral feeding	[123]
Branched amphiphilic Peptide capsules	Acyrthosiphon pisum	Armet, BiP	Oral feeding	[124]
	Tribolium castaneum	Armet, BiP	Oral feeding	[124]
Carbon quantum dot	Chilo suppressalis	CHSA, CHSB, G3PDH	Oral feeding	[100]
Metal organic framework	Nilaparvata lugens	NlCYP303A1	Oral feeding	[125]
Graphene oxide	Drosophila suzukii	vATPase	Oral feeding	[126]