Table 3.
Associations between the quintiles of plasma levels of seven PUFA measures and the incident risks of depressive disorder and anxiety disorder.
| Mental Disorders a | Per Quintile, mmol/L | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | |
| Total PUFAs b | |||||
| Depressive disorder | |||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.82 (0.73, 0.90) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.88) | 0.71 (0.64, 0.79) | 0.77 (0.69, 0.85) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.79 (0.70, 0.90) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.91) | 0.67 (0.59, 0.76) | 0.79 (0.70, 0.89) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) | 0.85 (0.75, 0.97) | 0.68 (0.59, 0.78) | 0.81 (0.71, 0.93) |
| Anxiety disorder | |||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.94 (0.84, 1.04) | 0.89 (0.80, 1.00) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.89) | 0.82 (0.74, 0.92) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.91) | 0.83 (0.73, 0.94) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.90) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.96) |
| Omega-3 PUFAs c | |||||
| Depressive disorder | |||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.88 (0.79, 0.97) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.94) | 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.88) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.91 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.81 (0.71, 0.92) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.98) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 0.90 (0.79, 1.03) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.03) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.91) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) |
| Anxiety disorder | |||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.91 (0.82, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.90) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.91) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.81 (0.71, 0.91) | 0.80 (0.71, 0.91) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) | 0.81 (0.70, 0.93) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.94) |
| DHA d | |||||
| Depressive disorder | |||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.80 (0.72, 0.89) | 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) | 0.72 (0.65, 0.81) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.94 (0.84, 1.06) | 0.84 (0.74, 0.95) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) | 0.79 (0.70, 0.90) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 0.97 (0.85, 1.10) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.94) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.92) |
| Anxiety disorder | |||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.81 (0.73, 0.91) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) | 0.74 (0.66, 0.83) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.02 (0.91, 1.16) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.97) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | 0.86 (0.75, 0.99) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.06) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) |
| Omega-6 PUFAs e | |||||
| Depressive disorder | |||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.80 (0.72, 0.89) | 0.77 (0.70, 0.86) | 0.74 (0.67, 0.82) | 0.76 (0.69, 0.84) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.79 (0.70, 0.89) | 0.76 (0.67, 0.85) | 0.70 (0.62, 0.79) | 0.77 (0.68, 0.87) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 0.78 (0.68, 0.89) | 0.78 (0.68, 0.88) | 0.71 (0.62, 0.82) | 0.80 (0.70, 0.91) |
| Anxiety disorder | |||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.90 (0.81, 1.01) | 0.87 (0.78, 0.97) | 0.81 (0.73, 0.91) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.92) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.89 (0.78, 1.00) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.93) | 0.81 (0.72, 0.92) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.02) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.94) |
| LA f | |||||
| Depressive disorder | |||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) | 0.76 (0.68, 0.84) | 0.75 (0.68, 0.83) | 0.73 (0.65, 0.81) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.84 (0.75, 0.95) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.81) | 0.75 (0.66, 0.85) | 0.73 (0.65, 0.83) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 0.84 (0.74, 0.95) | 0.73 (0.63, 0.83) | 0.78 (0.69, 0.89) | 0.76 (0.67, 0.87) |
| Anxiety disorder | |||||
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.99 (0.89, 1.1) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.96) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.95) | 0.83 (0.74, 0.92) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.89 (0.79, 1.01) | 0.87 (0.77, 0.98) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.93) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) | 0.87 (0.76, 1.00) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.95) |
Abbreviations: PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; LA, linoleic acid. a Three model strategies were adopted for the analyses: Model 1 was adjusted for the baseline characteristics, including age, sex, WHR, and IMD; Model 2 was additionally adjusted for healthy lifestyles (never drinking, a healthy sleep pattern, healthy diet, and regular physical activity); Model 3 was further additionally adjusted for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. b The plasma level of total PUFAs was divided into quintiles: Q1 (<4.31 mmol/L), Q2 (4.31 to 4.74 mmol/L), Q3 (4.74 to 5.13 mmol/L), Q4 (5.13 to 5.61 mmol/L), and Q5 (>5.61 mmol/L). c The plasma level of omega-3 PUFAs was divided into quintiles: Q1 (<0.35 mmol/L), Q2 (0.35 to 0.45 mmol/L), Q3 (0.45 to 0.55 mmol/L), Q4 (0.55 to 0.68 mmol/L), and Q5 (>0.68 mmol/L). d The plasma level of DHA was divided into quintiles: Q1 (<0.17 mmol/L), Q2 (0.17 to 0.21 mmol/L), Q3 (0.21 to 0.24 mmol/L), Q4 (0.24 to 0.29 mmol/L), and Q5 (>0.29 mmol/L). e The plasma level of omega-6 PUFAs was divided into quintiles: Q1 (<3.89 mmol/L), Q2 (3.89 to 4.25 mmol/L), Q3 (4.25 to 4.58 mmol/L), Q4 (4.58 to 4.99 mmol/L), and Q5 (>4.99 mmol/L). f The plasma level of LA was divided into quintiles: Q1 (<2.85 mmol/L), Q2 (2.85 to 3.21 mmol/L), Q3 (3.21 to 3.54 mmol/L), Q4 (3.54 to 3.95 mmol/L), and Q5 (>3.95 mmol/L).