Table 1.

A summary of different types of receptors with their functions.

Receptor Type	Dysregulation in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)	Therapeutic Targeting	Reference
NMDA Receptors	-Over-activation leads to excitotoxicity -Increased Ca2+ influx leads to mitochondrial damage	-Memantine (NMDA antagonist) selectively blocks pathological activation while preserving normal signaling	[96,97,98,99]
AMPA Receptors	-Reduced function impairs synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions	-Emerging research on enhancing AMPA receptor signaling to restore synaptic function in AD	[100,101]
Kainate Receptors	-Lesser known role in AD but implicated in modulating glutamatergic excitability	-No current specific AD-targeted therapies involving kainate receptors	[102]
mGluR1/5 (Group I)	-Tau pathology disrupts mGLUR5 signaling -Enhances excitotoxicity in AD	-mGLUR5 antagonists under investigation for reducing Aβ-induced excitotoxicity	[103]
mGluR2/3 (Group II)	-Loss of function contributes to increased glutamate release and excitotoxicity	-mGLUR2/3 agonists are being tested for reducing glutamate release and neuroprotection in AD	[104,105]
EAAT Transporters	-Reduced function in AD leads to accumulation of extracellular glutamate, increasing excitotoxicity	-Strategies to enhance EAAT function under investigation to improve glutamate clearance and reduce toxicity	[106]