Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by different PDI groups.
| Characteristics | Total, n (%) | T1, n (%) | T2, n (%) | T3, n (%) | χ 2 | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADL, n (%) | ||||||
| Non-disability | 1435 (71.6) |
440 (68.4) |
438 (72.0) |
557 (74.0) |
5.32 | 0.070 |
| Disability | 569 (28.4) |
203 (31.6) |
170 (28.0) |
196 (26.0) |
||
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Male | 949 (47.4) |
295 (45.9) |
269 (44.2) |
385 (51.1) |
7.23 | 0.027 |
| Female | 1055 (52.6) |
348 (54.1) |
339 (55.8) |
368 (48.9) |
||
| Age, n (%) | ||||||
| <80 years | 1438 (71.8) |
416 (64.7) |
430 (70.7) |
592 (78.6) |
33.63 | <0.001 |
| ≥80 years | 566 (28.2) |
227 (35.3) |
178 (29.3) |
161 (21.4) |
||
| Residence, n (%) | ||||||
| Urban | 243 (12.1) |
62 (9.6) |
91 (15.0) |
90 (12.0) |
19.92 | <0.001 |
| Town | 411 (20.5) |
108 (16.8) |
128 (21.1) |
175 (23.2) |
||
| Rural | 1350 (67.4) |
473 (73.6) |
389 (64.0) |
488 (64.8) |
||
| Financial status, n (%) | ||||||
| Sufficient | 1564 (78.0) |
473 (73.6) |
479 (78.8) |
612 (81.3) |
12.32 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient | 440 (22.0) |
170 (26.4) |
129 (21.2) |
141 (18.7) |
||
| Co-residence, n (%) | ||||||
| With household Member(s) |
1673 (83.5) |
520 (80.9) |
502 (82.6) |
651 (86.5) |
9.29 | 0.054 |
| Solitary | 317 (15.8) |
118 (18.4) |
100 (16.4) |
99 (13.1) |
||
| In an institution | 14 (0.7) |
5 (0.8) |
6 (1.0) |
3 (0.4) |
||
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||||
| Married and living with a spouse | 1162 (58.0) |
329 (51.2) |
347 (57.1) |
486 (64.5) |
40.82 | <0.001 |
| Separated | 61 (3.0) |
34 (5.3) |
12 (2.0) |
15 (2.0) |
||
| Divorced | 6 (0.3) |
3 (0.5) |
3 (0.5) |
0 (0.0) |
||
| Widowed | 755 (37.7) |
271 (42.1) |
237 (39.0) |
247 (32.8) |
||
| Never married | 20 (1.0) |
6 (0.9) |
9 (1.5) |
5 (0.7) |
||
| Currently smoking, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 454 (22.7) |
129 (20.1) |
128 (21.1) |
197 (26.2) |
8.64 | 0.013 |
| No | 1550 (77.3) |
514 (79.9) |
480 (78.9) |
556 (73.8) |
||
| Currently drinking, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 455 (22.2) |
135 (21.0) |
140 (23.0) |
170 (22.6) |
0.84 | 0.656 |
| No | 1559 (77.8) |
508 (79.0) |
468 (77.0) |
583 (77.4) |
||
| Physical exercise, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 705 (35.2) |
190 (29.5) |
242 (39.8) |
273 (36.3) |
15.02 | <0.001 |
| No | 1299 (64.8) |
453 (70.5) |
366 (60.2) |
480 (63.7) |
||
| Body mass index, n (%) | ||||||
| Underweight | 433 (21.6) |
201 (31.3) |
116 (19.1) |
116 (15.4) |
72.31 | <0.001 |
| Normal | 1142 (57.0) |
354 (55.1) |
342 (56.3) |
446 (59.2) |
||
| Overweight | 338 (16.9) |
72 (11.2) |
121 (19.9) |
145 (19.3) |
||
| Obese | 91 (4.5) |
16 (2.5) |
29 (4.8) |
46 (6.1) |
||