Table 2.

Quantitative Comparison of key studies in piezoelectric energy harvesting.

Study	Material	Stimulation	Open-Circuit Voltage (V)	Power Density
Lee et al. [19]	Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)	0.05 m/s	9.0	0.033 $\mathsf{\mu }$W/${\mathrm{cm}}^2$
Zhu et al. [20]	PLLA nanofibers	1800 rpm	0.55	Roughly 19.5 nW/${\mathrm{cm}}^2$
Siddiqui et al. [21]	P(VDF-TrFE)/BT	x	9.8	13.5 $\mathsf{\mu }$W/${\mathrm{cm}}^2$
Yaqoob et al. [22]	PVDF-BT/n-graphene	2 g	10.0	Roughly 5.8 $\mathsf{\mu }$W/${\mathrm{cm}}^2$
Alam and Mandal [23]	PDMS/MWCNT	40 kPa(punching)	∼30	9.0 $\mathsf{\mu }$W/${\mathrm{cm}}^3$
Bhavanasi et al. [24]	P(VDF-TrFE)/GO	4 mm at 1 Hz	4.0	4.41 $\mathsf{\mu }$W/${\mathrm{cm}}^2$
Ye et al. [25]	P(VDF-TrFE)/BNNT	0.4 MPa	22.0	11.3 $\mathsf{\mu }$W/${\mathrm{cm}}^2$
Present Study	DuraAct PZT Transducer	2 g	3.1	160 $\mathsf{\mu }$W, 187.35 $\mathsf{\mu }$W/${\mathrm{cm}}^3$