Table 1.
The main polyphenols and their biological activity in common Ilex species.
| Source | The Main Polyphenols | Biological Activity | Literature |
|---|---|---|---|
| I. latifolia | 1-Caffeoylquinic acid, | Antioxidant activity | [31,32] |
| dicaffeoylquinic acids | |||
|
I. cornuta, I. kudingcha |
Chlorogenic acids, | Preventing gastric injury, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activities |
[33,34,35] |
| neochlorogenic acid, | |||
| cryptochlorogenic acid, | |||
| isochlorogenic acid A, B, C | |||
| I. paraguariensis | 3-caffeoylquinic acid, | Antibacterial and antiviral activities, cardiovascular protective effect, antioxidant activity, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity |
[36,37,38,39] |
| 5-caffeoylquinic acid, | |||
| tannins, | |||
| rutin, | |||
| 4-caffeoylquinic acid, | |||
| 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid | |||
| I. vomitoria | 1-Caffeoylquinic acid, | Anti-inflammatory activity | [40,41] |
| dicaffeoylquinic acids, | |||
| rutin | |||
| I. guayusa | Hydroxycinnamic acid, | Antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity |
[42,43,44] |
| quercetin-3-O-hexose, | |||
| chlorogenic acids |