Figure 1.

Schematic of the sequence of operations of a MicroICE payload for detection of salts following impact, penetration, and sample internalization. The sequence of operation is as follows: (a) Penetrator body impacting and penetrating 1–10 m into the icy surface. (b) Panel showing the heaters placed around the nosecone of the impactor body turning on to melt the ice immediately around the penetrator body. Sipper ports placed in proximity to the heaters sip in molten ice and place it inside the microfluidic device (µdevice) with the placement of hardware to support melting, sipping, and detection (upcoming in the next panels). (c) Sipped sample placed inside the integrated microfluidic device (µdevice) for (d) detection using the C⁴D device. Modified from Govinda Raj et al. [32] with permission.