Figure 2.

Schematic diagram of the C⁴D design hardware flowchart. A single-stage amplification is, in theory, sufficient for amplifying the excitation signal. However, we observed noise beyond a certain point of amplification in Amplifier-A, therefore requiring two amplification stages (A and B) to achieve the necessary excitation signal amplitude. This may be unique to our circuitry. The circuit is self-sufficient and is powered by the NANO board.