Table 1.
Descriptions of independent variables.
| Factors | Variable | Description | |
| Demographics | |||
| Sex | demo_gender | Sex of the participant (male=0, female=1) | |
| Age | demo_age | Age of the participant | |
| Country | demo_country | Country of residence (United States=0, South Korea=1) | |
| Usual | |||
| Morning state | usual_state_alert | Degree of alertness after waking up (Not at all alerts=1, Slightly alert=2, Fairly alert=3, Very alert=4) | |
| Morning state | usual_state_tired | Degree of tiredness after waking up (Very refreshed=1, Fairly refreshed=2, Slightly tired=3, Very tired=4) | |
| Morning state | usual_state_score | Usual morning condition, rated on a 1-7 scale, assessed at the start of the experiment. | |
| Habit | usual_habits_morningActivity | Habit of engaging in positive morning activities, such as exercise or meditation (No=0, Yes=1) | |
| Theory of Planned Behavior | usual_tpb_attitude | Attitude toward morning waking (Strongly disagree=1, Strongly agree=7) | |
| Theory of Planned Behavior | usual_tpb_ subjectiveNorm | Subjective norm toward morning waking (Strongly disagree=1, Strongly agree=7) | |
| Theory of Planned Behavior | usual_tpb_intention | Intention toward morning waking (Strongly disagree=1, Strongly agree=7) | |
| Theory of Planned Behavior | usual_tpb_control | Control toward morning waking (Strongly disagree=1, Strongly agree=7) | |
| Daily | |||
| Alarm usage | daily_usage_dayOfWeek | Alarm usage on weekdays vs. weekends (weekday=0, weekends=1) | |
| Alarm usage | daily_usage_ringCount | Number of alarms used to wake up in the morning | |
| Alarm usage | daily_usage_ring2dismiss | Time elapsed from the alarm ringing to deactivation | |
| Alarm usage | daily_usage_continuity | Number of days the alarm was used in the past week | |
| Alarm usage | daily_first_ringTime | Time of the first alarm in the morning | |
| Alarm usage | daily_last_typeInBed | Percentage of wake-up tasks performed in bed after the last alarm | |
| Alarm usage | daily_last_typeOutOfBed | Percentage of wake-up tasks performed out of bed after the last alarm | |
| Alarm usage | daily_last_isLoud | Use of a loud sound for the last alarm | |
| Alarm usage | daily_last_isLabel | Use of a label for the last alarm | |
| Time to sleep | daily_sleep_time | Bedtime the previous night | |