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. 2024 Oct 25;120(16):1996–2016. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvae231

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Alterations of myocardial energy metabolism in heart failure. Summary chart showing the alterations of five major energy metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, glucose oxidation, fatty acid oxidation, ketone oxidation, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) oxidation in three different types of HFrEF, HFpEF, heart failure associated with obesity, and T2D. Arrow pointing upward indicates the corresponding pathway is stimulated, and arrow pointing downward indicates the corresponding pathway is suppressed.