Table 2.

Regression-adjusted differences in LLOS between for-profit and not for-profit hospice enrollees (2000-2019).

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	LLOS	LLOS	LLOS	LLOS
	(#)	(#)	(#)	(#)
Is for profit (1/0)	0.466***	0.326***	0.163***	0.210***
	(0.026)	(0.043)	(0.058)	(0.057)
Estimator	PPML	PPML	PPML	PPML
Coef. interpretation	Log Δ	Log Δ	Log Δ	Log Δ
Decedents only	N	N	N	N
Base FE	N	Y	N	N
Base × Referrer FE	N	N	Y	N
Base × Referrer × Med. FE	N	N	N	Y
Mean of Y	62.702	62.702	62.702	62.702
#[Hospice clusters]	5005	5005	5005	5005
#[Referrer clusters]	21 141	21 141	21 141	21 141
#[Effective observations]	2 878 139	2 878 139	2 878 139	2 878 139

Abbreviation: LLOS, longer lifetime lengths-of-stay.

This table reports estimates from our regression analysis. It shows that for-profit hospice enrollees have longer LLOS than not for-profit hospice enrollees, even after accounting for a progressively richer set of pre-hospice characteristics. Referrer and hospice-level cluster-robust SEs in parentheses. *P < 0.10; **P < 0.05; ***P < 0.01. Base FE refers to enrollment year, county of residence, sex, race, MA enrollment, and hospice opening year fixed effects. Base × Referrer FE refers to adding institutional referral source fixed effect interactions. Base × Referrer × Med. FE refers to adding medical condition fixed effect interactions. Mean of Y reports the sample average value of the outcome. The effective number of observations is the number of observations remaining after dropping observations with missing values, singletons, and observations separated by a fixed effect.¹⁹ Source: authors' analysis of Medicare data.