Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and biomarkers in the EAST-AFNET 4 biomolecule study
| Treatment group | Early rhythm control | Usual care | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 800 | 786 | ||
| Sex: female | 355 (44%) | 358 (46%) | .639 | |
| Age (years) | 71 [66, 75] | 71 [66, 76] | .711 | |
| BMI | 28.7 [25.6, 32.1] | 29.0 [25.6, 32.5] | .699 | |
| Blood pressure (systolic, mmHg) | 135 [123, 150] | 135 [125, 148] | .730 | |
| Blood pressure (diastolic, mmHg) | 80 [74, 90] | 80 [74, 90] | .716 | |
| LVEF (%) | 60 [55, 65] | 60 [55, 65] | .873 | |
| AF type (first episode) | 290 (36%) | 270 (34%) | ||
| AF type (paroxysmal) | 302 (38%) | 288 (37%) | .839 | |
| AF type (persistent) | 208 (26%) | 228 (29%) | .202 | |
| Other clinical characteristics | ||||
| Diabetes | 207 (26%) | 189 (24%) | .400 | |
| Hypertension | 494 (62%) | 512 (65%) | .170 | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 98 (12%) | 97 (12%) | .956 | |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min 1.73 m²) | 75 [63–87] | 76 [64–87] | .734 | |
| Previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack | 114 (14%) | 81 (10%) | .017 | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 63 (8%) | 61 (8%) | .991 | |
| Diastolic LA diameter (mm) | 42 [38, 47] | 43 [39, 47] | .730 | |
| NYHA class | ||||
| No heart failure | 523 (65%) | 509 (65%) | ||
| I | 82 (10%) | 88 (11%) | .555 | |
| II | 164 (21%) | 160 (20%) | .985 | |
| III | 31 (4%) | 29 (4%) | .882 | |
| EHRA score | ||||
| I | 232 (29%) | 236 (30%) | ||
| II | 386 (48%) | 374 (48%) | .679 | |
| III | 122 (15%) | 122 (15%) | .914 | |
| IV | 8 (1%) | 9 (1%) | .839 | |
| Missing | 52 (7%) | 45 (6%) | ||
| Biomarker (unit) | Coefficient of variation | |||
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 1.51 | 441 [175–966] | 467 [187–1036] | .537 |
| ANGPT2 (ng/mL) | .70 | 2.53 [1.87–3.65] | 2.53 [1.87–3.75] | .456 |
| BMP10 (ng/mL) | .24 | 2.10 [1.82–2.41] | 2.11 [1.83–2.45] | .507 |
| FGF23 (pg/mL) | 1.27 | 155 [115–218] | 153 [115–211] | .244 |
| ESM1 (ng/mL) | .76 | 2.04 [1.64–2.59] | 2.05 [1.63–2.63] | .818 |
| GDF15 (pg/mL) | .80 | 1333 [990–2000] | 1359 [971–2005] | .078 |
| IGFBP7 (ng/mL) | .26 | 102 [90.7–117] | 102 [90.1–117] | .457 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 6.62 | 2.56 [1.64–4.04] | 2.68 [1.67–4.18] | .479 |
| FABP3 (ng/mL) | .50 | 32.0 [26.3–39.6] | 31.9 [26.4–39.6] | .837 |
| D-dimer (µg/mL) | 1.74 | .17 [.09–.34] | .16 [.08–.36] | .506 |
| TnT (ng/L) | 2.26 | 11.1 [8.02–16.6] | 11.4 [8.21–16.7] | .337 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 3.28 | 2.02 [.96–4.99] | 2.38 [1.04–4.75] | .392 |
| sCr (µmol/L) | .29 | 81.7 [70.7–95.5] | 80.4 [70.0–94.5] | .771 |
| CA125 (U/mL) | 1.51 | 11.5 [8.08–15.9] | 11.1 [7.93–16.1] | .433 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated as CKD EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration.
AF, atrial fibrillation; SR, sinus rhythm; ERC, early rhythm control; UC, usual care; BMI, body mass index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LA, left atrium; NYHA, New York Heart Association Functional Classification of heart failure; EHRA, European Heart Rhythm Association score; ANGPT2, angiopoietin 2; BMP10, bone morphogenetic protein 10; CA125, cancer antigen 125; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESM1, endothelial specific molecule 1; FABP3, fatty acid binding protein 3; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; GDF15, growth differentiation factor 15; IGFBP7, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7; IL-6, interleukin-6; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; TnT, cardiac troponin; sCr, serum creatinine.
* P-values were calculated on the unimputed dataset using mixed logistic regression model with site as random effect, for biomarkers additionally adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction, and AF type. Distributions are shown as mean and SD for normally distributed values, as median and IQR for non-normally distributed values and biomarkers, and as frequency (percentage) for nominal features.