Table 3.
Baseline clinical characteristics used as confounders and biomarker concentrations in the derivation dataset (EAST-AFNET 4 biomolecule study) at baseline by randomized group and by baseline rhythm
| Group | Early rhythm control | Usual care | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline rhythm | Sinus rhythm | Atrial fibrillation | Sinus rhythm | Atrial fibrillation | Rhythm* |
| N | 452 | 348 | 438 | 348 | |
| Women | 220 (49%) | 135 (39%) | 221 (51%) | 137 (39%) | <.001 |
| Age, years | 70 [65–75] |
71 [67–76] |
71 [66–75] |
72 [66–76] |
.035 |
| BMI | 28.7 [25.8–31.6] |
28.4 [25.5–32.9] |
28.4 [25.4–31.4] |
29.4 [25.9–33.3] |
.022 |
| Blood pressure (diastolic) (mmHg) | 80 [72, 87] |
80 [76, 90] |
80 [71, 89] |
80 [76, 90] |
<.001 |
| LVEF (%) | 60 [57, 65] |
59 [50, 64] |
60 [59, 65] |
60 [51, 64] |
<.001 |
| AF type: first episode | 172 (38%) | 118 (34%) | 155 (35%) | 115 (33%) | |
| AF type: paroxysmal | 235 (52%) | 67 (19%) | 223 (51%) | 65 (19%) | <.001 |
| AF type: persistent or long-standing persistent | 45 (10%) | 163 (47%) | 60 (14%) | 168 (48%) | <.001 |
| Biomarker concentrations | |||||
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 228 [121–467] |
890 [506–1496] |
253 [124–504] |
934 [529–1603] |
<.001 |
| ANGPT2 (ng/mL) | 2.20 [1.65–2.76] |
3.39 [2.29–5.14] |
2.12 [1.63–3.00] |
3.35 [2.31–4.81] |
<.001 |
| BMP10 (ng/mL) | 2.03 [1.73–2.30] |
2.22 [1.96–2.58] |
2.01 [1.76–2.29] |
2.25 [1.96–2.69] |
<.001 |
| FGF23 (pg/mL) | 139 [106–194] |
178 [128–247] |
140 [110–192] |
170 [130–243] |
.003 |
| ESM1 (ng/mL) | 1.97 [1.58–2.44] |
2.14 [1.74–2.84] |
1.96 [1.57–2.56] |
2.15 [1.74–2.78] |
.002 |
| GDF15 (pg/mL) | 1251 [938–1847] |
1478 [1058–2188] |
1259 [914–1761] |
1585 [1065–2272] |
<.001 |
| IGFBP7 (ng/mL) | 99.0 [89.3–111.2] |
106.8 [93.6–125] |
99.2 [87.9–111] |
105 [93.8–123] |
<.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 2.22 [1.50–3.58] |
3.03 [1.99–4.88] |
2.42 [1.58–3.89] |
3.02 [1.95–4.59] |
.041 |
| FABP3 (ng/mL) | 30.2 [25.1–38.1] |
34.2 [28.2–42.1] |
30.9 [25.6–37.9] |
33.3 [27.1–42.6] |
.020 |
| D-dimer (µg/mL) | .17 [.08–.32] |
.18 [.09–.36] |
.15 [.08–.32] |
.18 [.09–.4] |
.267 |
| TnT (ng/L) | 10.1 [7.39–14.5] |
12.7 [9–18.8] |
10.7 [7.6–15.7] |
12.5 [8.73–18.3] |
.436 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.76 [.87–4.29] |
2.48 [1.09–5.78] |
2.08 [.93–4.52] |
2.58 [1.26–5.03] |
.130 |
| sCr (µmol/L) | 80.0 [69.0–93.7] |
84.0 [71.0–97.0] |
79.6 [68.1–92.0] |
83.9 [71.0–97.2] |
.296 |
| CA125 (U/mL) | 11.1 [8.01–14.9] |
12.3 [8.4–16.9] |
10.8 [8.02–15.7] |
11.4 [7.84–16.7] |
.052 |
Rhythm at time of blood sampling was included as a fix factor in the analyses of outcome. Distributions are shown as mean and SD for normally distributed values, as median and IQR for non-normal distributed values and biomarkers, and as frequency (percentage) for nominal features. For biomarker concentrations, there were no differences between the randomized groups, but differences between sinus rhythm and AF during the baseline visit.
AF, atrial fibrillation; ERC, early rhythm control; UC, usual care; BMI, body mass index; AF, atrial fibrillation; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; ANGPT2, angiopoietin 2; BMP10, bone morphogenetic protein 10; CA125, cancer antigen 125; CRP, C-reactive protein; D-dimer, ESM1, endothelial specific molecule 1; FABP3, fatty acid binding protein 3; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; GDF15, growth differentiation factor 15; IGFBP7, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7; IL-6, interleukin-6; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; TnT, cardiac troponin; sCr, serum creatinine.
* P-values were calculated in the unimputed, pooled dataset (ERC and UC combined) using mixed logistic regression model with site as random effect, for the biomarkers additionally adjusted for sex, age, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction, and AF type, the clinical features that were associated with outcomes including sinus rhythm in the main EAST-AFNET 4 dataset.4