Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population in 2011(wave 1).
| Variables | Non-pain (n = 9,745) | Pain (n = 4,540) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild (n = 1,166) | Moderate (n = 1,651) | Severe (n = 1,723) | |||
| Gender, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Female | 4,624 (47.5) | 682 (58.5) | 1,032 (62.5) | 1,072 (62.3) | |
| Male | 5,113 (52.5) | 484 (41.5) | 618 (37.5) | 650 (37.7) | |
| Age, M ± SD | 59.1 ± 9.8 | 59.2 ± 9.3 | 59.6 ± 9.3 | 60.3 ± 9.6 | < 0.001 |
| Marital, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Married | 8,604 (88.3) | 1,010 (86.6) | 1,411 (85.5) | 1,478 (85.8) | |
| Unmarried | 1,141 (11.7) | 156 (13.4) | 240 (14.5) | 245 (14.2) | |
| Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Illiterate | 2,307 (23.7) | 339 (29.1) | 526 (31.9) | 647 (37.6) | |
| Primary school | 3,667 (37.6) | 526 (45.1) | 706 (42.8) | 751 (43.6) | |
| Middle/high school | 3,437 (35.3) | 288 (24.7) | 400 (24.2) | 315 (18.3) | |
| Junior college or above | 329 (3.4) | 13 (1.1) | 19 (1.2) | 10 (0.6) | |
| Ever/current drink, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 6,330 (65) | 793 (68) | 1,198 (72.6) | 1,258 (73) | |
| Yes | 3,415 (35) | 373 (32) | 453 (27.4) | 465 (27) | |
| Ever/current smoke, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 5,692 (58.4) | 727 (62.3) | 1,095 (66.3) | 1,111 (64.5) | |
| Yes | 4,052 (41.6) | 439 (37.7) | 556 (33.7) | 612 (35.5) | |
| Insurance, n (%) | 0.016 | ||||
| No | 589 (6) | 98 (8.4) | 112 (6.8) | 110 (6.4) | |
| Yes | 9,156 (94) | 1,068 (91.6) | 1,539 (93.2) | 1,613 (93.6) | |
| Poor sleep quality, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Most or all of the time | 1,337 (13.7) | 297 (25.5) | 492 (29.9) | 628 (36.7) | |
| Occasionally or a moderate amount of the time | 1,215 (12.5) | 212 (18.2) | 361 (21.9) | 348 (20.3) | |
| Rarely or none of the time | 5,562 (57.2) | 455 (39.1) | 500 (30.3) | 490 (28.6) | |
| Some or a little of the time | 1,617 (16.6) | 199 (17.1) | 295 (17.9) | 247 (14.4) | |
| Life-satisfy, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Poor | 1,038 (10.7) | 112 (9.6) | 224 (13.6) | 327 (19) | |
| Fair | 6,568 (67.4) | 821 (70.4) | 1,198 (72.6) | 1,127 (65.4) | |
| Good | 2,139 (21.9) | 233 (20) | 229 (13.9) | 269 (15.6) | |
| CESD, M ± SD | 6.6 ± 5.3 | 10.1 ± 6.2 | 12.1 ± 6.5 | 13.8 ± 6.8 | < 0.001 |
| BMI, M ± SD | 23.5 ± 3.8 | 23.3 ± 3.8 | 23.4 ± 3.8 | 23.3 ± 3.9 | 0.172 |
| Waist circumference, M ± SD | 84.6 ± 12.3 | 84.3 ± 12.9 | 83.8 ± 12.8 | 83.9 ± 12.9 | 0.065 |
| Nighttime sleep duration, M ± SD | 6.6 ± 1.7 | 6.2 ± 2.0 | 5.9 ± 2.0 | 5.7 ± 2.2 | < 0.001 |
| cognition, M ± SD | 10.9 ± 4.3 | 9.9 ± 4.2 | 9.6 ± 4.2 | 8.6 ± 4.3 | < 0.001 |
| Frailty, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 8,806 (90.4) | 897 (76.9) | 1,047 (63.4) | 904 (52.5) | |
| Yes | 939 (9.6) | 269 (23.1) | 604 (36.6) | 819 (47.5) | |
| MCI, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 8,322 (85.4) | 946 (81.1) | 1,302 (78.9) | 1,202 (69.8) | |
| Yes | 1,423 (14.6) | 220 (18.9) | 349 (21.1) | 521 (30.2) | |
| Frailty + MCI, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 9,521 (97.7) | 1,091 (93.6) | 1,482 (89.8) | 1,421 (82.5) | |
| Yes | 224 (2.3) | 75 (6.4) | 169 (10.2) | 302 (17.5) | |
| FI, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) | 4.0 (2.0, 6.0) | 5.0 (3.0, 8.0) | 6.0 (4.0, 9.0) | < 0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; CESD, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; M ± SD, mean ± standard deviation; MCI, Mild Cognitive Impairment; FI, Frailty Index.